Download Student Objectives

Student Objectives
Cells
Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to:
1. List ten cell processes and explain each.
2. Define the following terms: cell, diffusion, osmosis, cytolysis, plasmolysis, turgor
pressure, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, isotonic solution, exocytosis,
endocytosis, phagocytosis, homeostasis, mitosis, meiosis.
3. Compare and contrast the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on
cells.
4. Outline the levels of organization in multicellular organisms: (tissues, organs, systems)
5. List five phases of mitosis and discuss the events that take place in each. Compare these
with the phases of meiosis.
6. Clearly tell the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome.
7. Identify the centriole as the organelle that forms spindles to separate chromatids during
anaphase.
8. Identify the following organelles from drawings: nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondrion, and
chloroplast.
9. Match the following terms with their descriptions: cell, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm,
vacuole, mitochondrion, ribosome, rough E.R., golgi complex, phagocytosis, lysosome,
chloroplast, cell membrane, and cell wall.
10. Compare plant cells with animal cells.
11. Write and compare the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and respiration, and name
the organelles where these two processes take place.
12. Outline the energy pathway of photosynthesis.
13. Compare prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells.
1. Nutrition, Excretion, Respiration, Digestion, Secretion, Biosynthesis, Absorption,
Response, Photosynthesis, Reproduction. See the NERSDSBARPR handout for
explanation of each.
2. Terms and definitions:
o Cell: basic structural unit of life
o Diffusion: the dispersal of molecules from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration due to molecular movement and collisions
o Osmosis: the diffusion of water through a cell membrane
o Cytolysis (cyto=cell + lysis=breaking): rupture of a cell when water enters
faster than it leaves. This happens to cells that lack a cell wall when they
are placed in a hypotonic solution.
o Plasmolysis (plasma= fluid + lysis=breaking): shriveling of a cell when water
leaves faster than it enters. This happens to any cell placed in a hypertonic
solution.
o Turgor: water pressure inside a cell with cell walls. A plant cell or bacterial
cell placed in a hypotonic solution takes up water by osmosis until the
turgor pressure inside equals the osmotic pressure of the solution. Plants
wilt without this water-pressure inside their cells.
o Hypotonic solution (under salted) (hypo=under): a solution that is less
concentrated in dissolved materials than another solution. Pure water is
hypotonic to a cell; it has less dissolved salt, etc.. Hypotonic solutions
tend to inject cells with water creating turgor pressure in cells with cell
walls or cytolysis where cell walls are absent.
o Hypertonic solution (over salted) (hyper=too much): a solution that is more
concentrated in dissolved materials than another solution. Hypertonic
solutions tend to dehydrate cells causing plasmolysis.
o Isotonic (iso=the same + tonic=pressure): a solution that has the same
concentration of dissolved materials as another solution. Cells are neither
dehydrated nor injected by such a solution. Isotonic physiological saline
is used for intravenous injections, and as a wetting agent for contact
lenses.
o Exocytosis (exo=exit + cyto=cell + osis=process): the use of energy by cells
to pump out unwanted materials against diffusion pressure.
o Endocytosis (endo=enter + cyto=cell + osis=process): the use of energy to
take in more needed materials than would normally enter by diffusion.
o Phagocytosis: (phago=to eat + ctyo=cell + osis=process): the capture of a
particle or another cell too large to be taken in by normal endocytosis.
The particle is surrounded and drawn into a vacuole by the cell.
o Homeostasis (homeo=the same + stasis=state): a steady state maintained
by living cells.
o mitosis: cell division that results in two diploid cells. In humans, each new
cell receives 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.
o meiosis: the division of a cell into four haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells).
In humans, each new cell receives 23 chromosomes.
3. see above
4. In multi-cellular organisms, specialized cells are organized into tissues, which are
organized into organs, which are organized into systems, which are organized
into the organism.
For example: The digestive system is made out of several organs: teeth,
tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon etc. The stomach, is an organ
made out of several kinds of tissues. One of those is smooth muscle
tissue. Smooth muscle is made out of special smooth muscle cells.
5. Interphase: normal cell processes, growth, etc. chromosomes duplicate
themselves just prior to the next phase.
Prophase: the DNA coils up and chromosomes appear. Nuclear membrane
dissolves.
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: chromatids separate and migrate to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
Telophase: formation of new nuclear membranes
Cytokinesis: the cell cleave into two.
6. Chromosome: two identical strands of DNA coiled up and ready for cell division
Chromatid: half of a chromosome, one strand of DNA.
7.
The Centriole forms spindles and separates chromatids.
8. Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
9. Match the terms the definitions.
nucleus, cell, nucleolus, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondrion, ribosome, rough
E.R.,
golgi complex, phagocytosis, lysosome, chloroplast, cell membrane, cell wall
_____________________ basic structural unit of life
_____________________ surrounds the cell, acts as a gate
_____________________ contains DNA, controls the cell
_____________________ site of protein synthesis
_____________________ system of ribosome filled canals
_____________________ contains protein digesting enzymes
_____________________ cell fluids outside the nucleus
_____________________ site of cell respiration
_____________________ endocytosis of large particles
_____________________ fluid filled cavity for storage
_____________________ site of photosynthesis
_____________________ found inside nucleus, makes RNA
_____________________ packages proteins for secretion
10. Plant cells have cell walls and plastids like chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and
chromoplasts, which animal cells do not have.
11. 6CO2
+ 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 Phoptosynthesis in Chloroplasts

6CO2 + 6H2O Respiration in Mitochondria
12. Sun  Chlorophyll  ATP
 NADH 
Glucose
13. Prokaryotes like bacteria have no visible nucleus or organelles
Eukayotes like plant and animal cells have a visible nucleus and organelles