Download sample - Test Bank Exam

Evolutionary Analysis, 5e (Herron/Freeman)
Chapter 5 Variation Among Individuals
1) Which of the following is NOT one of the types of variation that occurs within individuals?
A) genetic variation
B) environmental variation
C) normalizing variation
D) genotype-by-environment variation
Answer: C
Section: 5.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Daphnia pulex grows protective armor upon sensing chemicals produced by the predatory
phantom midge by the process of ________.
A) barrier defense
B) inducible defense
C) stimulatory defense
D) predatory defense
Answer: B
Section: 5.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) The patterns of phenotypes an individual may develop upon exposure to different
environments is called its ________.
A) predictability norm
B) variability norm
C) response norm
D) reaction norm
Answer: D
Section: 5.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Many studies on genetic variation in humans have been done with the perception of taste. The
chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) has been used extensively in these studies. Although many
individuals cannot taste PTC, many individuals find the taste of PTC to be ________.
A) umami
B) salty
C) sour
D) bitter
E) sweet
Answer: D
Section: 5.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) In DNA, the substitution of a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine is called
a(n) ________.
A) inversion
B) transmutation
C) transversion
D) transition
E) in-kind substitution
Answer: D
Section: 5.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) In DNA, the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine is called
a(n) ________.
A) inversion
B) transmutation
C) transversion
D) transition
E) substitution
Answer: C
Section: 5.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) The genetic code, which specifies the three-letter codons that specify particular amino acids, is
said to be redundant because ________.
A) amino acid sequences are produced by different alleles
B) it is observed in virtually all know organisms
C) one codon can code for more than one amino acid
D) phenotypic variation is observed depending on the codon usage
E) some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
Answer: E
Section: 5.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
8) Genes that are duplicated within a genome and later diverge in function, such as the RNASE1
and RNASE1B genes in douc langur monkeys, are described as ________.
A) duplicated genes
B) orthologous genes
C) homologous genes
D) paralogous genes
E) derived genes
Answer: D
Section: 5.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) Genes that are derived from a common ancestral sequence, and are separated by a speciation
event such as the RNASE1 gene in douc langur monkeys and the RNASE1 gene in humans, are
described as ________.
A) duplicated genes
B) orthologous genes
C) homologous genes
D) paralogous genes
E) derived genes
Answer: B
Section: 5.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A and a. In a random sample of 50
individuals, 20 are homozygous for a, 20 are homozygous for A, and 10 are heterozygous. What
is the frequency of A?
A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 60%
E) 80%
Answer: C
Section: 5.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Chromosome inversions often result from a multistep process that begins when radiation
causes ________.
A) a duplication event, followed by reannealing of chromosomes
B) four double-stranded breaks in a chromosome
C) two double-stranded breaks in a chromosome
D) two single-stranded breaks in a chromosome
Answer: C
Section: 5.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Organisms with more than two chromosome sets are said to be ________.
A) multiploid
B) polyploid
C) diploid
D) haploid
E) None of the above.
Answer: B
Section: 5.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
13) Frequencies of inversions and/or allele frequencies often vary regularly when examined over
a geographic area changing in either latitude or climate. This type of regular change is called a
________.
A) zonality
B) cline
C) gradient
D) biome
Answer: B
Section: 5.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) According to the studies of Eyre-Walker and Keightley (2007), there appear to be four types
of mutations observed in most organisms. Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation that
is observed?
A) deleterious
B) lethal
C) neutral
D) additive
E) beneficial
Answer: D
Section: 5.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) The haploid human genome contains approximately 3.2 billion base pairs. How many
mutations, on average, does each individual inherit from each of the gametes that united to form
the zygotes from which he or she grew?
A) 3
B) 36
C) 360
D) 3,600
Answer: B
Section: 5.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) An organism that develops different phenotypes in different environments is said to exhibit
what trait?
Answer: phenotypic plasticity
Section: 5.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) What DNA modifications characterize epigenetic marks?
Answer: Attachment of methyl groups to cytosine nucleotides in DNA, or other similar
chemical modifications to DNA.
Section: 5.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
18) What does one call a mutation that occurs in a DNA sequence, but leaves the resulting amino
acid sequence unchanged?
Answer: synonymous or silent mutation
Section: 5.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) What does one call a mutation that occurs in a DNA sequence that changes the amino acid
specified by that sequence?
Answer: nonsynonymous or replacement substitution
Section: 5.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) The process of producing proteins from DNA involves two different steps. What is the term
used to describe each step, and what happens during each of these steps?
Answer: The DNA is transcribed into mRNA during the first step. The mRNA is then translated
into proteins in the second step.
Section: 5.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
21) What is the term used to describe the smallest possible mutation in a DNA strand, which
involves only one base?
Answer: a point mutation
Section: 5.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) Genes can be duplicated when a processed messenger RNA, from which introns have been
spliced out, is reverse-transcribed to form a double-stranded DNA segment that is reintegrated
into the main chromosome. What is the name for this process that may form nonfunctional
pseudogenes?
Answer: retroposition or retroduplication
Section: 5.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) Unequal crossing over often results in the formation of duplicate copies of existing genes. At
what phase of meiosis can unequal crossing over occur, and why does this happen?
Answer: Unequal crossing over occurs during prophase of meiosis I, and occurs when
homologous chromosomes line up incorrectly.
Section: 5.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
24) What is the term given to the average frequency of heterozygotes at all loci of an individual?
This value can also be expressed as the fraction of genes that are heterozygous in the genotype of
an average individual.
Answer: the mean heterozygosity
Section: 5.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
25) In experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans, deleterious mutations accumulate at a slow but
steady rate when the populations are grown in as benign an environment as possible, with
optimal temperature and humidity, minimal crowding of individuals, abundant food, and no
predators or parasites. From what important evolutionary force do these conditions insulate C.
elegans?
Answer: natural selection
Section: 5.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
26) Explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype with respect to the ability in
humans to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), and the correlation of this ability to the type 2 taste
receptors (TAS2Rs). How does the conformation of the TASTRs receptors affect the ability to
sense the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide?
Section: 5.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
27) Organisms that exhibit different phenotypes in different environments are said to exhibit
phenotypic plasticity. Using the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, studied by Suzuki and
Nijhout, describe the experiments done to illustrate the dependence of color on temperature. Be
sure to explain the importance of using reaction norms in this type of study.
Section: 5.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
28) Explain the function of retroposition (retroduplication) in gene duplication. Describe the
cellular mechanism used for this method of gene duplication, and the manner in which these
typically nonfunctional pseudogenes can become active, functional genes.
Section: 5.3
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
29) Chromosome inversions often have a major impact on evolutionary processes. Describe the
process and causes whereby chromosome inversions occur. Describe the effect chromosome
inversions have on the process of meiosis, and provide a specific example of chromosome
inversions discussed in the text.
Section: 5.4
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
30) In the mutation accumulation experiments of Dee Denvers and colleagues (2004) with
Caenorhabditis elegans, deleterious mutations were observed to accumulate at a slow but steady
rate when the populations were grown in a benign environment, with optimal temperature and
humidity, minimal crowding of individuals, abundant food, and no predators or parasites.
Control lines grown under normal conditions did not accumulate mutations at the same rate.
After 240 generations, experimental lines that had accumulated substantial mutations were
removed from the benign environment and these lines were propagated. Explain the results once
the recovery lines were established, and how this experiment demonstrates the significance of
natural selection in the evolutionary process.
Section: 5.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
6
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.