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Transcript
Learning Learning Definitions A relatively permanent change in an organism’s organism s behavior due to experience Much learning occurs through association Our behavior – our understanding of the world – adapts to the world around us Connection between events related by time or meaning Classical conditioning & Operant conditioning 1 Classical Conditioning An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggers… An unconditioned response (UCR) in a person or other animal If you repeatedly present a neutral stimulus just before the UCS… It will become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and trigger a conditioned response (CR)! Pavlov’s Salivating Dogs 2 Operant Conditioning To increase behavior: Positive reinforcement: g give a desirable stimulus Negative reinforcement: take away an aversive stimulus To decrease behavior: Positive punishment: give an aversive stimulus Negative punishment: take away a desirable stimulus An Example Negative Positive Punishment Reinforcement 3 Schedules for Operant Conditioning Continuous: the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs or every period of time Partial (intermittent) Fixed-ratio: after a set number of responses Variable-ratio: after random number of responses Fixed-interval: Fixed interval: after a set time interval Variable-interval: after random time intervals Partial reinforcement schedules are more effective Creating new behavior Operant conditioning only works if they sometimes perform the behavior, but… Shaping can create new and complex behavior Reward approximations of the behavior Frequently used in animal training or with children 4 Role of Cognition Cognition was initially dismissed Classical works best if participants know about it During operant, participants can learn underlying principle Operant conditioning can backfire if people would perform the behavior anyway Reinforcement can undermine intrinsic motivation Modeling Observe others engaging in behavior and copy it Mirror neurons may be dedicated to this task Benefits: learn without doing, shows what is appropriate Bandura demonstrated social learning (modeling) in children who observe aggressive behavior Saw model interacting with toy Then allowed to play with it themselves 5
