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Learning
Learning Definitions
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A relatively permanent change in an
organism’s
organism
s behavior due to experience
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Much learning occurs through association
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Our behavior – our understanding of the world –
adapts to the world around us
Connection between events related by time or
meaning
Classical conditioning & Operant conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggers…
An unconditioned response (UCR) in a
person or other animal
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If you repeatedly present a neutral stimulus
just before the UCS…
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It will become a conditioned stimulus (CS)
and trigger a conditioned response (CR)!
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Operant Conditioning
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To increase behavior:
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Positive reinforcement: g
give a desirable stimulus
Negative reinforcement: take away an aversive
stimulus
To decrease behavior:
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Positive punishment: give an aversive stimulus
Negative punishment: take away a desirable
stimulus
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Schedules for Operant Conditioning
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Continuous: the desired response is
reinforced every time it occurs or every
period of time
Intermittent schedules
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Fixed-ratio: after a set number of responses
Variable-ratio: after random number of responses
Fixed-interval:
Fixed
interval: after a set time interval
Variable-interval: after random time intervals
Variable ratio schedules are more effective
Creating new behavior
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Operant conditioning only works if they
sometimes perform the behavior, but…
Shaping can create new and complex behavior
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Reward approximations of the behavior
Frequently used in animal training or with children
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Modeling
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Observe others engaging in behavior and
copy it
Mirror neurons may be dedicated to this task
Benefits: learn without doing, shows what is
appropriate
Bandura demonstrated social learning
(modeling) in children who observe
aggressive behavior
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Saw model interacting with toy
Then allowed to play with it themselves
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