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Transcript
Life’s Structure and Classification Chapter 8, Pages 212-235 Living Things • ___________-any __________ thing Organism living Microscopic bacteria • Organisms can vary in size from ____________ __________ to __________ ______ __________. Gigantic oak trees Living Things organized 1. Living things are __________. organism that carry on Cells • ________-are the smallest unit of an ___________ the _____________ functions of life. instructions cell has an orderly structure and contains the ________ • Each ______ for cellular organization and ___________ hereditary function in its ____________ material Cougars Share • Do you think all cells are all the same or are cells different depending on their function? Explain Living Things grow and __________ develop 2. Living things _______ • Growth of many-celled organisms is mostly due to an increase in the __________ number of cells size • Growth of one-celled organisms is due to an increase in the _____ of the cell changes that take place during the Development • _______________-all of the _________ ______ life of the organism Living Things respond 3. Living things _________ interact with their ________________ surroundings • Living things must ___________ Stimulus change in an • ___________-anything that causes some _________ ____________ organism response stimulus is a ___________ • The reaction to a __________ Living Things Maintain homeostasis 4. Living things __________ ___________ internal Homeostasis • _______________-the regulation of an organism’s __________, life-maintaining conditions despite changes in its ______________ environment Living Things Use energy 5. Living things _____ _______ directly or • The energy used by most organisms comes either _________ indirectly from the ______ sun Cougars Share • What organisms can get energy directly from the sun? Plants • How do other organisms get energy? Eat food Living Things reproduce 6. Living things ___________ more of their own • Reproduction enables living things to make _______ ________ kind • If all the individuals for a specific organism never reproduced that organism would die out • Example: If all cats stopped reproducing, cats would eventually die off Cougars Share • Of these 6 characteristics of life which are important to the survival of a species and which are important to the organisms itself? Living Things • What do all living things need? place live 1. A ________ to ______ unique suited to the organism’s _________needs • This place must be ________ space for the organism • This place must also provide enough ________ Living Things water 2. ________ • All organisms must take in water from their surroundings Transport materials • Water performs many functions such as ___________ _________ within a cell and ___________ between cells Living Things Food sources 3. ______ ________ proteins • Living things are made up of substances such as ___________, sugars _______, fats and __________ make these substances, other must ______ take in • Some organisms _______ these substances in the form of food • When organisms die these substances are released into the _____________and used again by other ________ ____________ Living organisms environment How are Living Things Classified Linnaeus developed a new system of __________ grouping organisms • __________ and a ________ Scientific_________ naming system Similar structures • Based on looking for organisms with ___________ _________ naming system Binomial nomenclature • __________ ______________- two-word __________ that Linnaeus used to name various ___________ organisms species • This name is an organism’s ___________ mate and produce • Organisms of the same species can _______ _________ _________ Fertile offspring How are Living Things Classified genus a group of similar species • _______• First word of the two-word name unique for • Second word usually __________ describes a feature and is _________ each _________ species Latin is the language used for scientific names • _______ How are Living Things Classified • Why use scientific names? confusion by distinguishing organism with 1. Help avoid __________ ________ unique names evolutionary histories are 2. Organisms with similar _____________ __________ classified together descriptive information about the 3. Scientific names give ____________ ________ species information about organisms to be 4. Scientific names allow _____________ ___________ organized easily and ___________ efficiently How are Living Things Classified phylogeny the ____________ evolutionary history of an organism, how • ____________the organism has ___________ changed over time • Order for classification of organisms: kingdom → _________ class → ________ phylum → ________ order → ___________ ________ species family → ________ genus → _________ How are Living Things Classified Field guides Dichotomous ______ keys to • Scientists use _______ _______ and _____________ identify organisms Field guides descriptions and illustrations of • Most ______ _______ have _____________ organisms and information about where each organism _______ lives Dichotomous_______ keys is a detailed list of identifying • A ____________ ______________ characteristics that includes scientific names Wildcats share Cell Structure Cell theory • ______ _______ consists of three parts organisms are made up of one or more _______ cells 1. All ____________ basic unit of _____________ organization in organisms 2. The cell is the ________ cells 3. All cells come from _______ Cell Structure Prokaryote cells without ___________________ Membrane-bound structures • ____________Eukaryotic cells _____ with membrane-bound structures • ____________- nutrients store, produce, • All cells must constantly take in ___________, and _____________ breakdown substances, and take in and use _________ energy Cell Structure Cell walls rigid outer coverings that • _____ ______- are tough, _______ ________ protect cells and give them _______ shape plants algae, fungi, and most _________ bacteria • Found on the cells of ________, carbohydrate called ___________ cellulose • Mostly made up of a _______________ Cell Structure Cell membrane layer surrounding every • _____ ___________- the protective _______ cell • ____________ Regulates interactions between the cell and its ______________ environment Cytoplasm ____________ gelatin like substance cells are filled with • ___________• Most of a cell’s _____ __________ occur here Life processes Hereditary material prokaryotic cells • ___________ _________ is found here in _____________ Cell Structure Cytoskeleton a framework found throughout the • _____________maintain or change its ___________ cytoplasm which helps the cell __________ ________ shape and enables some cells to _______ move • One substance that takes part in nearly every cell activity is _________ protein Ribosomes small structures where ______ cells make their own • ___________proteins • Receive directions from hereditary material on how, when, and in what order to make specific proteins Cell Structure organelles structures within the cytoplasm of __________ eukaryotic • ___________cells Nucleus directs all cellular activities and contain ______ DNA • _________• Materials enter and leave the nucleus through openings in its membrane Nucleolus structure found in the _________ nucleus where most • _______________________ eukaryotic ribosomes are made in ___________cells Cell Structure Chloroplasts green organelles found within the cytoplasm • ______________of _______ plant cells where _______ food is made Chlorophyll green pigment which gives many _______ leaves and • ____________stems their color ________ Mitochondria energy is released • ______________-are organelles where ________ when food is broken down into _________ _______ and water Carbon dioxide ribosomes and • Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain ___________ __________ Hereditary ________ material Cell Structure Endoplasmic __________ reticulum (E.R.)- a series of folded • ____________ ____________ membranes in which ___________ materials can be processed and moved around ________ inside of the cell • Can be _________ smooth rough or __________ • Rough E.R. have ____________ ribosomes attached flattened membranes that Golgi bodies • _______ ______- stacked and ___________ proteins and other cellular substances and package them sort _________ into membrane-bound structures called _________ vesicles Cell Structure Vesicles deliver cellular substances to areas inside the cell, • __________and carry _________ cellular substances to the cell membrane where they are released to the _________ outside of the cell Vacuoles place for the ____________ temporary storage of materials, • __________food and other cellular materials like water, waste products, ______, Cell Structure Lysosomes contain digestive __________ chemicals that help break • ____________down food molecules, ______ ______, worn-out cell parts, and Cell wastes _______ viruses and bacteria that enter the cell Cell Structure Tissues a group of similar ______ cells that work together to do • _________job one _____ Organs structure made up of two or more _________ different types • _________of tissues that work _________ together together to Organ system • _______ _______- a group of organs working _________ perform a certain _________ function Viruses Virus is a strand of ___________ hereditary material surrounded by a • ________________ protein coating virus can actively multiply or Host_____cell living cell in which a ______ • ____ in which a virus can hide until __________ activated by environmental _________ stimuli nucleus other organelles, or a cell • Viruses don’t have a _________, membrane Viruses specific kinds of cells • Most viruses can infect only ________ Antibiotics do not work against viral diseases • ____________ immunity Vaccinations can be developed to create ___________ • ______________ against a virus • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
