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A Short History of Psychology Origins of Psychology • Phrenology • Greeks- 5th & 6th centuries B.C. – People’s lives were dominated not so much by gods but their own minds • People are rational • Aristotle = Asked Why? – Began to compare the sensations, wonder how the thought process worked, and even why we slept Origins Continued… • During Renaissance people began to experiment and observe results • Rene Descartes first to pose dualismidea that a link existed between the mind and body – Nativism- is the view that certain skills or abilities are 'native' or hard wired into the brain at birth. (1596-1650) John Locke (1632-1704) – An Essay Concerning Human Understanding –Tabula rasa – Empiricism • Knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation Psychological Science Is Born –Wilhelm Wundt • (1832-1920) • Established modern psychology as a formal field of study –1st “Psychologist” –Developed the first psychology lab/experiment 1879 • Measuring reaction time • E.B. Titchner- brought Wundt’s psychology to U.S. – Structuralism-study the basic elements that make up human mental experiences – Introspection • Looking inward- analyzing immediate sensations and how they related to one another. • Results varied and were unreliable • For example… • Using structuralism and the idea of introspection I would need to analyze everyone’s immediate sensations. • Did this picture make you smile? • Did this picture make you want to cry? • Once again with structuralism, results varied and were unreliable Functionalism • Functionalism- study how animals and people adapt to their environments.. – Influenced by Charles Darwin • William James- father of psychology in U.S. – Taught first psychology class at Harvard University in 1875. • Why does the brain think? Why does the nose smell? • Wrote “The Principles of Psychology” – Took 12 years! 1842-1910 Ladies • Margaret Washburn • Mary Calkins – Denied degree by Harvard in 1895 – First PhD 1894, Cornell – First woman president of the APA – The Animal Mindanimal behavior Between – Renowned memory research researcher 1996-2009 Females claimed twothirds of U.S. Psychology Ph.D.s Contemporary Approaches • Psychoanalytic/PsychodynamicUnconscious motives and conflicts determines human behavior, feelings, and thoughts • Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939) • • • • Dream Analysis Emotional responses to childhood experiences Pretty much linked everything to sex! Free Association- say anything that comes to mind. • LETS PRACTICE FREE ASSOCIATION Behaviorism • Learn/modify behavior based on response to environment – Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) & Classical Conditioning • (The Dog Dude) John Watson (1878-1958) • Behaviorism • Psychology as the science of behavior! • Little Albert Experiment – Classical Conditioning • Watson later had a successful career in… Behaviorism Continued… • Defined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior.” – Can record a person’s behavior as a response to different situations. • Skinner Thorndike Operant Conditioning 1904-1990 1874-1949 Cognitive • How people process, store, retrieve, use info and how thought processes influence our behavior. Behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus. Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes. Jean PiagetObserved Children Processes include perceptions, memories, and expectations. 1896-1980 Humanistic • Each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth. • Importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied. 19021987 Psychology Defined 2012 • The definition has evolved over time. *The science of behavior and mental *processes. • Behavior = any action we can observe and record. – Examples: Yelling, smiling, sweating… • Mental Processes = internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior. – Examples: Sensations, perceptions, feelings… Nature versus Nurture • The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Plato Descartes Darwin Aristotle Locke Nature versus Nurture • How are humans alike but diverse? • Are gender differences biologically predisposed or socially constructed? • Is children’s grammar mostly innate or formed by experience? • How are differences in intelligence and personality influenced by heredity and by environment? • Are sexual behaviors more pushed by inner biology or pulled by external incentives?