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StudyPacks
STUDY.
KS4
SCIENCE
Cells
Animal and Plant cells
This Study Pack aims to cover:
1. Animal and plant cells
2. Bacteria and yeast
3. Specialised cells.
SB20
Study Packs are prepared by Qualified Teachers and Specialists and are a complete range of comprehensive
compiled resources based on the UK National Curriculum covering the Primary and Secondary Frameworks
including SATs and GCSE examinations.
Student Name
Contents
Cells Notes
2-5
Practice questions
6-12
Exam questions
13-25
Mark scheme
26-36
1
2
3
Cells and simple cell transport
All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions.
Animal cells and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant
and algal cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. Bacterial and yeast cells have different
structures to animal and plant cells.
Dissolved substances pass into and out of cells by diffusion.
Animal and plant cells
Function of cells which animal and plant cells have in common
Part
Function
Nucleus
Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell
Cytoplasm
Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes
Cell membrane
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Mitochondria
Most energy is released by respiration here
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis happens here
Plant cells also have extra parts:
Extra parts of plant cells
Part
Function
Cell wall
Strengthens the cell
Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Permanent vacuole Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
Make sure you can label diagrams of animal and plant cells, like these:
Generalised animal and plant cell
4
Bacterial cells and yeast
Bacterial cells
Structure of a salmonella bacterium cell
A bacterium is a single-celled organism. A bacterial cell has a different structure to an animal or plant
cell. It has cytoplasm, a membrane and a surrounding cell wall, but the genetic material in a bacterial
cell is not in a distinct nucleus.
Yeast
Yeast is a single-celled organism. Like bacterial cells, yeast cells have cytoplasm and a membrane
surrounded by a cell wall. But unlike bacterial cells, yeast cells have a nucleus.
Cells and simple cell transport
Specialised cells
Cells may be specialised for a particular function. Their structure will allow them to carry this function
out. Here are some examples:
Examples of the functions of cells
Cell
Function
Adaption
Absorbs light energy for
photosynthesis
Packed with chloroplasts. Regular shaped, closely packed cells
form a continuous layer for efficient absorption of sunlight.
Absorbs water and
mineral ions from the soil
Long 'finger-like' process with very thin wall, which gives a large
surface area.
Leaf cell
Root hair cell
5
Cell
Function
Adaption
Fertilises an egg cell female gamete
The head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help
penetrate the egg cell membrane. The middle section is packed
with mitochondria for energy. The tail moves the sperm to the egg.
Contains haemoglobin to
carry oxygen to the cells.
Thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse through easily. Shape
increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed
efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin.
Sperm cell
Red blood cells
You are likely to be given information, perhaps in a diagram, to help you to explain the adaptations of
a particular cell type to its function.
6
Cell structures and functions
Aims
Cells are the building blocks of life – every animal and plant is made up of them. In this activity you will
label the crucial parts of a cell and then match cells with their special features. It is important that you
think about how the cell is adapted to do its job.
Method
Label the different parts of the animal cell and plant cell in the diagrams below. Use the words at the
bottom of the diagrams to help. You will need to use some of the words twice.
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cell
wall
7
Match the types of cell listed to the special features that each cell has in order to carry out its function.
Type of cell
Special features
Red blood cell
This cell has thin hairs on its
outer surface to move
mucus up the windpipe.
Nerve cell
This is a disc-shaped cell,
with no nucleus. It contains
haemoglobin that helps it to
carry oxygen around the
body.
Sperm cell
This long, thin cell transmits
electrical impulses. It has a
cell body at one end and
thin projections at the other
end.
Ciliated epithelial cell
This cell has a projection
which gives it a larger
surface area. This helps it to
absorb water from the
ground.
Root hair cell
This cell has a tail that can
flex, which means that it can
move along the fallopian
tubes until it meets an egg
cell.
Cell structures and functions
Label the different parts of the animal cell and plant cell in the diagrams below.
8
Complete the table to show the function of each type of cell and the special features it has to perform
its function.
Type of cell
Function
Special features
Red blood cell
Nerve cell
Sperm cell
Ciliated epithelial cell
Root hair cell
9
Artificial life, but is it intelligent?
Aims
In May 2010 a group of scientists, headed up by Dr Craig Venter, developed the first synthetic life form.
This has caused a stir. This could lead to important scientific developments but some believe it could
pose threats that have not existed before. In this activity you will investigate what the team of scientists
did and begin to form opinions on the positives and negatives of their work.
Your task
Do some research online to find information about the first synthetic living cell. You could start by
searching for “synthetic cell” or “artificial life” on the BBC news website. Then answer the following
questions, based on what you’ve read.
During the development Craig Venter and his team used certain parts of a host cell in order to produce
their synthetic life. Match up the part of the cell with the role it played.
Mitochondria
The production of proteins for the new cell
occurred here.
Nucleus
Energy is released to make the proteins and to
synthesise DNA.
Ribosome
The synthesised DNA was inserted through this
into the yeast cell.
Cell membrane
The synthesised genome (set of genes) was put
into this area of the cell where it was assembled
into a chromosome.
Why are Dr Craig Venter and his team working on this project? What do they want to accomplish?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Why do you think the team used yeast cells as the host cell?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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10
What are some of the suggested dangers of the project? Can you think of any other ethical issues?
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Write a script for a radio programme explaining the work that Dr Craig Venter has carried out. You
could include interviews with other scientists, ones who agree with his work and ones who do not.
Your script should be between three and seven minutes long.
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11
Hunt the answer - cells
Aims
All living things are made up of cells. The structure of a cell is related to its function. There is lots of
important information to know about cells and how substances move in and out of them. Once you have
completed this activity you will have a good revision sheet for this chapter.
Method
1 Below is a table of 15 questions with gaps for the answers. Spread around the room you will find the
answers to the questions. As you find them, write them into the correct boxes.
Question
Answer
Where in a cell does respiration take place?
Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place?
What happens on the ribosome?
What does the cell membrane do?
What features does a plant cell have that an animal cell
does not?
What special features does a root hair cell have?
Which type of cell has visual pigment, a special chemical
that changes in different colours of light?
How is a fat cell adapted to its role?
What type of cell has a tail to help it swim along the
fallopian tube?
12
Exam questions
Q1.
The drawing shows the cell of a bacterium.
(a)
List A gives the four structures labelled on the diagram.
List B includes information about each structure.
Draw one line from each structure in List A to the correct information about the structure
in List B.
List A
Structure
List B
Information
(4)
(b)
Give two differences between an animal cell and the cell of a bacterium.
1 .....................................................................................................................
13
2 .....................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The diagrams show cells containing and surrounded by oxygen molecules.
Oxygen can move into cells or out of cells.
Into which cell, A, B, C or D, will oxygen move the fastest?
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in the box.
(1)
(d)
Complete the following sentence.
Oxygen is taken into the cell by the process of .............................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q2.
The diagram shows a bacterium.
On the drawing, name the structures labelled A, B, C and D.
(Total 4 marks)
Q3.
This question is about cells.
(a)
(i)
The diagram shows a sperm cell.
14
Use words from the box to label parts A and B.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
(2)
(ii)
The diagram shows a cell from a leaf.
Give the letters of two parts of the leaf cell which would not be found in a sperm
cell.
and
.
(1)
(b)
Sperm cells have many mitochondria.
Why do sperm cells need many mitochondria?
Tick ( ) one box.
Sperm cells are involved in fertilisation.
Sperm cells are produced in very large numbers.
Sperm cells need a lot of energy to swim.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
15
Q4.
(a) The diagrams show cells containing and surrounded by oxygen molecules.
Oxygen can move into cells or out of cells.
Into which cell, A, B, C or D, will oxygen move the fastest?
Write your answer, A, B, C or D, in the box.
(1)
(b)
Draw a ring around the correct word to complete each sentence.
diffusion
(i)
Oxygen is taken into cells by the process of
osmosis
.
respiration
(1)
breathing
photosynthesis
(ii)
Cells need oxygen for
.
respiration
(1)
membranes
(iii)
The parts of cells that use up the most oxygen are the
mitochondria
.
nuclei
(1)
diffusion
(iv)
Some cells produce oxygen in the process of
photosynthesis
.
respiration
(1)
16
(Total 5 marks)
Q5.
The diagram shows a group of muscle cells from the wall of the intestine.
(a)
On the diagram, use words from the box to name the structures labelled A, B and C.
cell membrane
cell wall
chloroplast
cytoplasm
nucleus
(3)
(b)
How are these muscle cells adapted to release a lot of energy?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q6.
The diagram shows a cell from the lining of the lung. This cell is specialised to allow gases
to pass through quickly.
(a)
Use words from the box to label structures A, B and C.
cell membrane
nucleus
chloroplast
cytoplasm
mitochondria
(3)
(b)
(i)
Which feature of this cell allows oxygen to pass through quickly?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice.
It is thin.
It has a large nucleus.
17
It has many mitochondria.
(1)
(ii)
Complete the sentence by drawing a ring around the correct answer in the box.
diffusion
Oxygen passes through this cell by osmosis
respiration
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q7.
(a) Put a tick ( ) in the correct boxes in the table below to show which of the parts given
are present in the cells and organisms listed.
CYTOPLAS
M
NUCLEUS
CELL WALL
GENES
Leaf mesophyll cell
Sperm
(2)
(b)
(i)
What is the main job of a leaf mesophyll cell?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain one way in which the structure of the leaf mesophyll cell helps it to carry out
its job.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8.
The diagram shows an animal cell.
18
(a)
Name each labelled part and give its function.
A
Name ...............................................................................................................
Function ..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
B
Name ..............................................................................................................
Function .........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
C
Name ..............................................................................................................
Function .........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(b)
(i)
This plant cell also contains chloroplasts, a cell wall and a vacuole. Label each of
these parts on the diagram.
(ii)
Give the function of these parts of a plant cell.
(3)
Chloroplast function .........................................................................................
19
...........................................................................................................................
Cell wall function .............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Vacuole function ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q9.
The drawing shows an animal cell, seen at a very high magnification using an
electron microscope.
(a)
(i)
Label a mitochondrion [plural = mitochondria].
(1)
(ii)
What happens in the mitochondria?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Name and label the structure where you would find chromosomes.
(1)
(ii)
What are chromosomes made of?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
What controls the rate of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks
Q10.
The drawing shows a white blood cell ingesting a bacterium.
20
(i)
Use words from the list to label the parts of the white blood cell.
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
(3)
(ii)
The scale shows that the white blood cell is 10 micrometres long.
How long is the bacterium? Show your working.
................... micrometres
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q11.
The diagram shows a human sperm. Inside the tail of the sperm is a filament mechanism
that causes the side to side movement of the tail, which moves the sperm.
(a)
Describe the function of the mitochondria and suggest a reason why they are arranged
around the filament near the tail of the sperm.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Explain the significance of the nucleus in determining the characteristics of the offspring.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q12.
The diagrams show a cheek cell from a human and a leaf cell from a plant.
21
(a)
The two cells have a number of parts in common.
(i)
On the cheek cell, label three of these parts which both cells have.
(3)
(ii)
In the table, write the names of the three parts you have labelled above and
describe the main function of each part.
Part
Function
..................................
..................................
..................................
(3)
(b)
Blood contains white cells and red cells. State the function of each type of cell in the
blood.
White cells .................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Red cells ....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13.
The drawing shows part of a root hair cell.
(a)
Use words from the list to label the parts of the root hair cell.
22
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
(4)
(b)
The diagram shows four ways in which molecules may move into and out of a cell. The
dots show the concentration of molecules.
The cell is respiring aerobically.
Which arrow, A, B, C or D represents:
(i)
movement of oxygen molecules;
(ii)
movement of carbon dioxide molecules?
....................
....................
(2)
(c)
Name the process by which these gases move into and out of the cell.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q14.
The diagram shows an animal cell.
23
(a)
(i)
Name structures A and B by choosing the correct words from the box.
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
Structure A .......................................................................................................
Structure B .......................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Which structure named in the box controls the passage of substances in and out of
the cell?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Distance P to Q on the diagram is the diameter of the cell. This distance was measured
on three cells using a microscope. The results were as follows:
cell 1: 63 micrometres
cell 2: 78 micrometres
cell 3: 69 micrometres
Calculate the average diameter of these cells. Show clearly how you work out your final
answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Average diameter = ................................... micrometres
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q15.
The diagram shows an animal cell.
(a)
Name each labelled part and give its function.
A
Name ...............................................................................................................
Function ..........................................................................................................
24
.........................................................................................................................
B
Name ..............................................................................................................
Function .........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
C
Name ..............................................................................................................
Function .........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(b)
(i)
This plant cell also contains chloroplasts, a cell wall and a vacuole. Label each of these parts
on the diagram.
(3)
(ii)
Give the function of these parts of a plant cell.
Chloroplast function .........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Cell wall function .............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Vacuole function ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
25
Mark scheme
M1.
(a)
all four correct = 4 marks
three correct = 3 marks
two correct = 2 marks
one correct = 1 mark
extra line from a statement cancels the mark
4
(b)
any two from:
•
nucleus
•
no cell wall
•
separate chromosomes
2
(c)
A
1
(d)
diffusion
1
[8]
M2.
A – cell membrane
1
B– cytoplasm
1
C– genes / genetic material / chromosome
1
D – cell wall
1
[4]
M3.
(a)
(i)
A cytoplasm
accept clear indications
1
B nucleus
1
(ii)
any two from:
two required for 1 mark
26
•
P
•
R
•
T
accept lower case letters
1
(b)
sperm cells need a lot of energy to swim
1
[4]
M4.
(a)
A
1
(b)
(i)
diffusion
1
(ii)
respiration
1
(iii)
mitochondria
1
(iv)
photosynthesis
1
[5]
M5.
(a)
A
nucleus
1
B
(cell) membrane
1
C
cytoplasm
1
(b)
any two from:
•
(contain mitochondria
•
many (mitochondria)
•
respiration (occurs in mitochondria)
2
[5]
M6.
(a)
A nucleus
1
B (cell) membrane
1
C cytoplasm
1
(b)
(i)
it is thin
1
(ii)
diffusion
1
[5]
27
M7.
(a)
sperm
mesophyll / / / / (all correct)
/ / x / (all correct)
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
absorbs light/to produce food
(allow reference to gaseous exchange)
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
e.g.
has chlorophyll/chloroplasts
has elongated shape to absorb light
for 1 mark each
2
[5]
M8.
(a)
A cytoplasm
1
where (chemical) reactions take place
do not accept where cell functions take place
1
or
carries/holds the organelles/named organelles / named chemicals (including nutrients)
do not accept keeps the shape of the cell
or
contains water
or
presses out on the membrane
allow: keeps cell turgid
allows transport through the cell
B membrane
do not accept by themselves:
protects cell
gives shape
1
controls what enters/leaves the cell
1
or
contains the cell/holds the cell together
do not accept keeps harmful substances out
or
allows movement into and out of the cell C nucleus
1
contains the genetic
material/DNA/genes/chromosomes
do not accept:
brain of the cell
stores information/instructions
tells cell what to do
28
or
controls (the activity) of the cell
1
(b)
(i)
one mark for each correctly labelled part
cell wall
do not accept anything inboard of the inner edge vacuole
accept anything inboard of transplant
chloroplast: site of photosynthesis/ for photosynthesis
accept word equation or balanced equation
1
cell wall: supports the cell/keeps the shape/keeps it rigid
do not accept protects the cells
2
(ii)
vacuole: acts as reservoir for water / chemicals/(cell)/sap
3
or
keeps cell turgid/pushes content to
edge
or
maintains concentration gradient
or
allows cell elongation (not growth)
1
[12]
M9.
(a)
(i)
award 1 mark for any of the mitochondria correctly labelled if a
number are labelled and one is incorrect award 0 marks
1
(ii) respiration or the release or transfer
of energy or it contains the enzymes
for respiration
do not accept energy produced
1
(b)
(i)
nucleus (named and correctly
labelled)
arrow or line must touch or go inside the nuclear membrane
1
(ii) DNA or genes or nucleic acids
accept protein or histones or nucleotides or ATGC
1
(c)
enzymes or nucleus
do not accept factors that affect the rate rather than control it eg pH or
temperature
1
29
M10.
(i)
cytoplasm
(cell) membrane
nucleus
all correctly labelled
each for 1 mark
3
(ii)
0.5
gains 2 marks
(5/100 × 10 or ½ /1 gains 1 mark if 0.5 not given)
2
[5]
M11.
(a)
award one mark for each key idea
energy released or energy transferred or respiration
allow provides or gives
do not allow produces or makes
3
near to the site of movement or
energy available quickly or more
energy
accept allows more mitochondria to fit in
(mitochondria) packed (around
filament) or efficient arrangement or
spiral arrangement
(b)
contains chromosomes or genes or
DNA
not genetic material
1
(which) contribute half (the genes) to
the fetus or offspring
23 chromosomes or half the genes
or reference to X,Y chromosome determining sex (if the notion of
halfness is there)
nucleus contains half genes for the offspring = 2 marks
1
[5]
M12.
(a) (i)
the three features correctly labelled on
cheek cell (which are referred to in
part (ii)
label lines should touch or end very close to part no marks if leaf cell
labelled
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondrion
accept mitochondria or one of these could be labelled vacuole
3
(ii)
any three from
feature
nucleus
function
controls cell
30
accept contains genetic material or genes or chromosomes or stores
information
do not credit the brain of the cell
cytoplasm
where respiration
occurs
accept contains food or mitochondria
or reactions occurs
membrane
less water or
chemicals
accept surrounds the cell or lets some things in but not others
do not credit keeps things out or protection
in and or out
mitochondria
where energy released
ecf from leaf cell labelling
accept chloroplasts make sugar or glucose
accept vacuole contains sap
accept if cell wall mis labelled on cheek cell, support or hold together
3
(b)
fight or ingest or kill bacteria or
germs or viruses or microbes
accept produce antitoxins or antibodies fight disease (organisms)
do not credit fungus
1
(transport) oxygen or carry
haemoglobin
accept transport carbon dioxide or helps form scabs
1
[8]
M13.
(a) (cell) wall
(cell) membrane
cytoplasm
vacuole
for 1 mark each
4
(b)
(i)
A
(ii)
B
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
diffusion
(reject osmosis)
for 1 mark
1
[7]
M14.
(a)
(i)
A = nucleus
1
B = (cell) membrane
1
31
(ii)
(cell) membrane
1
(b)
70
if correct answer, ignore working or lack of working
for 1 mark
2
[5]
M15
(a)
A cytoplasm
1
where (chemical) reactions take place
do not accept where cell functions take place
1
or
carries/holds the organelles/named organelles / named chemicals (including nutrients)
do not accept keeps the shape of the cell
or
contains water
or
presses out on the membrane
allow: keeps cell turgid
allows transport through the cell
B membrane
do not accept by themselves:
protects cell
gives shape
1
controls what enters/leaves the cell
1
or
contains the cell/holds the cell together
do not accept keeps harmful substances out
or
allows movement into and out of the cell C nucleus
1
contains the genetic
material/DNA/genes/chromosomes
do not accept:
brain of the cell
stores information/instructions
tells cell what to do
or
controls (the activity) of the cell
1
(b)
(i)
one mark for each correctly labelled part
cell wall
do not accept anything inboard of the inner edge vacuole
accept anything inboard of transplant
chloroplast: site of photosynthesis/ for photosynthesis
accept word equation or balanced equation
1
cell wall: supports the cell/keeps the shape/keeps it rigid
do not accept protects the cells
2
32
(ii)
vacuole: acts as reservoir for water / chemicals/(cell)/sap
3
or
keeps cell turgid/pushes content to
edge
or
maintains concentration gradient
or
allows cell elongation (not growth)
1
[12]
Cell structures and functions answers
Answers to questions
Labelling the cell:
1 Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Ribosome
Vacuole
2 Matching up the cells with the features
Red blood cell. This is a disc-shaped cell, with no nucleus. It contains haemoglobin that helps it to carry oxygen
around the body.
Nerve cell. This long, thin cell transmits electrical impulses. It has a cell body at one end and thin projections at
the other end.
Sperm cell. This cell has a tail that can flex, which means that it can move along the fallopian tubes until it meets
an egg cell.
Ciliated epithelial cell. This cell has thin hairs on its outer surface to move mucus up the windpipe.
Root hair cell. This cell has a projection which gives it a larger surface area. This helps it to absorb water from the
ground.
Cell structures and functions
Labelling the cells:
3
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
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Ribosomes
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Vacuole
4
Type of cell
Function
Special features
Red blood cell
Carries oxygen around the
body
Disc-shaped with no nucleus
Nerve cell
Transmits electrical impulses
Long and thin with a cell
body at one end and thin
projections at the other end
Sperm cell
Fertilises the egg cell
Has a tail that can flex to help
it move along the fallopian
tube
Ciliated epithelial cell
Moves mucus up the
windpipe
Has thin hairs on its outer
surface to move the mucus
Root hair cell
Absorbs water from the
ground
Has a projection which gives
it a large surface area to
collect water
Artificial life, but is it intelligent?
Answers to questions
During the development Craig Venter and his team used certain parts of a host cell in order to produce their
synthetic life. Match up the part of the cell with the role it played.
Mitochondria
The production of proteins for the new cell occurred here.
Nucleus
Energy is released to make the proteins and to synthesise DNA.
Ribosome
The synthesised DNA was inserted through this into the yeast cell.
Cell membrane
The synthesised genome was put into this area of the cell where it
was assembled into a chromosome.
Why are Dr Craig Venter and his team working on this project? What do they want to accomplish?


build cells that can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
build cells to produce useful products such as vaccines
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


build cells that could potentially act as fuel sources
build cells that could offer new forms of communication
make money?
Why do you think the team used yeast cells as the host cell?




easy to manipulate, easy and cheap to get hold of
easy to grow and feed
contain membrane bound organelles (unlike prokaryotes), no ethical issues with their use
replicate rapidly.
What are some of the suggested dangers of the project? Can you think of any other ethical issues?
Bio-warfare and bio-terrorism are the main concerns. Other risks of genetically engineered organisms include a
lack of understanding of what an organism that has never existed naturally could do, maintenance of our
ecosystems, etc. The technology could fall into the wrong hands and, either intentionally or accidentally, could
potentially pose a threat to human life.
Hunt the answer – cells
The task
1.Position the answer cards around the room.
2.Students have to go around the room and find the answers, then match them up with the correct questions
and write them on their sheets.
3.This can then be followed up by a loop game – students split into groups (anywhere from three to six
students) and divide the loop game cards up between them. The student who has the START card reads out
their question and then the student who has the answer to that question reads out their answer and the
question on their card. This continues in a loop until the students get back to the beginning. This can be made
competitive by timing the groups to see who can finish fastest.
Mitochondria
Cell wall, chloroplast & a permanent vacuole
Chloroplast
Root hairs give a large surface area to absorb
water and a large permanent vacuole to
increase movement of water into the cell
Production of proteins from
amino acids
Cone cells
Controls the passage of
substances in and out of the cell
It can expand to 1000 its original size to store
fat; it has a small amount of cytoplasm and few
mitochondria
Sperm cell
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Question
Answer
Where in a cell does respiration take place?
Mitochondria
Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
What happens on the ribosome?
Production of proteins from
amino acids
What does the cell membrane do?
Controls the passage of
substances in and out of the
cell
What features does a plant cell have that an animal cell does
not?
Cell wall, chloroplast and a
permanent vacuole
What are the special features of a root hair cell?
Root hairs stick out, giving a
large surface area to absorb
water and a large
permanent vacuole to
increase movement of water
into the cell
Which type of cell has visual pigment, a special chemical that
changes in different colours of light?
Cone cells
How is a fat cell adapted to its role?
It can expand to 1000 its
original size to store fat; it
has a small amount of
cytoplasm and few
mitochondria
What type of cell has a tail to help it swim along the fallopian
tube?
Sperm cell
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