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CELLULAR RESPIRATION ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION Why do organisms need energy? movement Temperature control growth Active transport Organisms get the energy they need from food What are two ways organisms obtain food? They can make their own food autotrophs They can consume food heterotrophs Plants make glucose; They also breakdown glucose for energy, ATP ATP glucose Glucose Glucose in Mitochondria ATP But food is not a direct source of energy. Animals must break down the macromolecules ATP in food to produce energy, ATP Carbohydrates Broken Glucose down Glucose In blood glucose Glucose in Cells glucose Glucose in ATP Mitochondria Now let’s learn all about cellular respiration! Cellular respiration complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down food, such as glucose. GLUCOSE occurs in the mighty mitochondria broken down ATP ATP Makes energy for the cell Both autotrophs and heterotrophs undergo cellular respiration. Plants break down glucose for energy Plant cells have mitochondria mitochondria Animals break down glucose for energy Animal cells have mitochondria mitochondria Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 (oxygen) CO2 carbon dioxide + H2O + ATP (water) (energy) Does cellular respiration take place all in one step? No, because the energy would be released too suddenly, and most would be “lost” in the forms of light and heat like the marshmallow. Cellular respiration is a very complex process that involves dozens of separate reactions that slowly release energy. This way the cell can trap and store each little bit of energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration can be divided into three stages: 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain anaerobic in cytoplasm Only a small amount of ATP is produced Glycolysis 1 glucose C C C C C C six carbon compound 2 ADP 2 NAD+ 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvic acid C C C C C C three carbon compound in matrix of mitochondria aerobic 2 ADP pyruvic acid CO2 O C O 2 ATP C C 8 NAD+ C C CoA CoA Acetly-CoA 8 NADH Only a small amount of ATP is produced Krebs Cycle C C C C C C C 2 FAD C C C C C C Citric Acid O C O 2 FADH2 O C O CO2 CO2 on mitochondria membrane H+ NADH H+ H+ H+ NAD+ eeH+ FAD FADH H+ H+ + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Outer mitochondrial membrane H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ 2 ee- H+ H+ + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ aerobic ADP H+ H+ A large amount of ATP is produced ATP Matrix H+ Electron Transport Chain Inner mitochondrial membrane H+ H + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ NADH H+ NAD+ H+ H+ FAD FADH H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Outer mitochondrial membrane H+ 2 H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ aerobic on mitochondria membrane ADP H+ H+ A large amount of energy is produced ATP Matrix H+ Electron Transport Chain Inner mitochondrial membrane H+ H + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Energy cycle sun Photosynthesis plants CO2 H2O glucose Cellular Respiration plants & animals O2 Imagine our lives without cheese and bread….. All possible because of fermentation Thank you fermentation!!!!! There are 2 methods of obtaining energy from food: • Cellular Respiration - - - in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) • Fermentation - - - in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) Making Energy glucose no oxygen Oxygen Aerobic Cellular Respiration No Oxygen Anaerobic Fermentation Glycolysis All organisms from bacteria to humans undergo glycolysis In the presence of oxygen . . . Cellular Respiration (Occurs in mitochondria) glucose + O2 Break ATP CO2 + H2O + down In the absence of oxygen . . . Fermentation (Occurs in cytoplasm) Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation glucose Break down alcohol + CO2 + Break glucose down Lactic acid + ATP ATP When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs. Some bacteria, some fungi, and your muscle cells can undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen. O2 Fermentation What is fermentation? Fermentation is the breakdown of pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) to make ATP. FERMENTATION O2 Pyruvic acid Broken down ATP There are two types of fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2. Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid and ATP is produced. Pyruvic acid C C C broken down lactic acid C C C + ATP The sugar in milk (lactose) is changed into different cheeses by fermentation carried out by different types of bacteria and fungi. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are bacteria used in the production of yogurt. Starter cultures of the following bacteria are used in cheese production: Lactococcus lactis Streptococcus salivarius Lactobacillus delbruckii Lactobacillus helveticus. Adjunct cultures are used to provide or enhance the characteristic flavors and textures of cheese. BACTERIA FUNGI Penicillium roqueforti in blue cheeses Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum for flavor in Cheddar cheeses Propionibacterium freudenreichii for eye formation in Swiss Penicillium camemberti in camembert and brie Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvic acid is broken down to ethanol and CO2 and ATP is produced. pyruvate C C C broken down Ethyl alcohol + CO2 + C C Culprit: Yeast ATP Production of wine: Yeast convert the sugar in grapes, (fructose) into ethyl alcohol. Grapes fermenting Yeast is used in the production of bread. Yeast breaks down the sugars in dough through alcoholic fermentation. The CO2 produced As the dough is baked, the alcohol causes the dough to rise. that is produced during fermentation evaporates. What cycle is this? Pyruvic acid CO2 CO2 CO2 C C C 2 ATP 4 NADH 1 FADH2