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CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
ATP
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Why do organisms need energy?
movement
Temperature control
growth
Active transport
Organisms get the energy they need from food
What are two ways organisms obtain food?
They can make
their own food
autotrophs
They can
consume food
heterotrophs
Plants make glucose;
They also breakdown
glucose for energy,
ATP
ATP
glucose
Glucose
Glucose in
Mitochondria
ATP
But food is not a direct
source of energy.
Animals must
break down the
macromolecules
ATP
in food to produce
energy, ATP
Carbohydrates
Broken
Glucose
down
Glucose
In blood
glucose
Glucose in
Cells
glucose
Glucose in
ATP
Mitochondria
Now let’s
learn all
about
cellular respiration!
Cellular respiration
complex process in which cells make ATP
by breaking down food, such as glucose.
GLUCOSE
occurs in the
mighty
mitochondria
broken
down
ATP
ATP
Makes energy
for the cell
Both autotrophs and heterotrophs
undergo cellular respiration.
Plants break down
glucose for energy
Plant cells have
mitochondria
mitochondria
Animals break down
glucose for energy
Animal cells have
mitochondria
mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6
(glucose)
+
O2
(oxygen)
CO2
carbon
dioxide
+
H2O
+ ATP
(water)
(energy)
Does cellular respiration take place all in one step?
No, because the energy would be released
too suddenly, and most would be “lost” in the
forms of light and heat like the marshmallow.
Cellular respiration is a very complex process that
involves dozens of separate reactions that slowly
release energy. This way the cell can trap and store
each little bit of energy in the form of ATP.
Cellular respiration can be divided into three stages:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
anaerobic
in cytoplasm
Only a small amount
of ATP is produced
Glycolysis
1 glucose
C C C C C C
six carbon
compound
2 ADP
2 NAD+
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvic acid
C C C
C C C
three carbon
compound
in matrix of mitochondria
aerobic
2 ADP
pyruvic acid
CO2
O C O
2 ATP
C C
8 NAD+
C C
CoA
CoA
Acetly-CoA
8 NADH
Only a small amount
of ATP is produced
Krebs Cycle
C C C
C
C
C
C
2 FAD
C
C
C C
C
C
Citric Acid
O C O
2 FADH2
O C O
CO2
CO2
on mitochondria membrane
H+
NADH
H+
H+
H+
NAD+
eeH+
FAD
FADH
H+
H+
+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
2
ee-
H+
H+
+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
aerobic
ADP
H+
H+
A large amount
of ATP is produced
ATP
Matrix
H+
Electron Transport Chain
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
H+
H + H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
NADH
H+
NAD+
H+
H+
FAD
FADH
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
H+
2
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
aerobic
on mitochondria membrane
ADP
H+
H+
A large amount
of energy is produced
ATP
Matrix
H+
Electron Transport Chain
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
H+
H + H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Energy cycle
sun
Photosynthesis
plants
CO2
H2O
glucose
Cellular Respiration
plants & animals
O2
Imagine our lives without cheese and
bread…..
All possible because
of fermentation
Thank you
fermentation!!!!!
There are 2 methods of obtaining energy from food:
• Cellular Respiration - - - in the presence of oxygen
(aerobic)
• Fermentation
- - - in the absence of oxygen
(anaerobic)
Making Energy
glucose
no
oxygen
Oxygen
Aerobic
Cellular
Respiration
No Oxygen
Anaerobic
Fermentation
Glycolysis
All organisms
from bacteria to humans
undergo glycolysis
In the presence of oxygen . . .
Cellular Respiration
(Occurs in mitochondria)
glucose + O2
Break
ATP
CO2 + H2O +
down
In the absence of oxygen . . .
Fermentation
(Occurs in cytoplasm)
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Lactic
Acid
Fermentation
glucose
Break
down
alcohol + CO2 +
Break
glucose
down
Lactic acid +
ATP
ATP
When oxygen is not present,
fermentation occurs.
Some bacteria, some fungi, and your
muscle cells can undergo fermentation
in the absence of oxygen.
O2
Fermentation
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is the breakdown of
pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen
(anaerobic) to make ATP.
FERMENTATION
O2 Pyruvic acid
Broken
down
ATP
There are two types of fermentation:
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid
and ATP is produced.
Pyruvic acid
C C C
broken
down
lactic acid
C C C
+
ATP
The sugar in milk (lactose) is changed into
different cheeses by fermentation carried
out by different types of bacteria and fungi.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
and
Streptococcus thermophilus
are bacteria used in the
production of yogurt.
Starter cultures of the following bacteria
are used in cheese production:
Lactococcus lactis
Streptococcus salivarius
Lactobacillus delbruckii
Lactobacillus helveticus.
Adjunct cultures are used to provide or enhance the
characteristic flavors and textures of cheese.
BACTERIA
FUNGI
Penicillium roqueforti in blue cheeses
Lactobacillus casei
and
Lactobacillus plantarum
for flavor in Cheddar cheeses
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
for eye formation in Swiss
Penicillium camemberti in camembert and brie
Alcoholic Fermentation:
Pyruvic acid is broken down to ethanol
and CO2 and ATP is produced.
pyruvate
C C C
broken
down
Ethyl alcohol + CO2 +
C C
Culprit:
Yeast
ATP
Production of wine:
Yeast convert the sugar in grapes,
(fructose) into ethyl alcohol.
Grapes fermenting
Yeast is used in the production of bread.
Yeast breaks
down the sugars
in dough through
alcoholic
fermentation.
The CO2 produced
As the dough is baked, the alcohol
causes the dough to rise. that is
produced
during
fermentation
evaporates.
What cycle is this?
Pyruvic
acid
CO2
CO2
CO2
C C C
2 ATP
4 NADH
1 FADH2