Download Pre-AP Biology 2009

Pre/AP-GT Biology 2011
Syllabus: DNA, Central Dogma, Mutations, Gene Regulation
Objective #5: TO UNDERSTAND HOW CHROMOSOMES DETERMINE
YOUR TRAITS, KNOWN AS THE "CENTRAL DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY". TEK 3F, 6A, B, C, D
Activity #1: DNA MODEL KITS
Construct a DNA molecule using the kit provided. Sketch your molecule in your journal. Make a key
to tell what part of DNA each puzzle piece represents. Use your model to illustrate DNA replication.
Have your teacher check your work.
 Briefly explain what you understand about how exact copies of DNA form.
 When does this occur in the cell cycle?
A.
(Chapter 12)
1. Briefly summarize the findings of Griffith, Avery, Franklin, Hershey and Chase, and Watson and
Crick.
2. What is a gene composed of?
3. Describe the structure of DNA.
4. Sketch a DNA molecule composed of 6 base pairs. Label.
5. When does a DNA molecule replicate? Be specific.
6. Make a sketch to illustrate DNA replication.
7. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? Review Figure 12-18 to note
these differences. What is difference between an exon and an intron?
8. What is the purpose of transcription? What is the role of RNA in this process?
9. Define translation.
10 How is RNA different from DNA?
B. 1. The Central Dogma of Biology (transcription and translation or protein synthesis) describes how the
sequence of bases in a DNA molecule can determine the specific proteins that a cell will make. These
proteins in turn, determine genetic traits of an organism. List 5 specific functions of proteins in the body
and explain how these proteins determine your traits.
2. Using the following DNA sequence, TACCCCGAAACCACT, determine the messenger RNA that
will form and the sequence of amino acids.
Ac
ctivity #2: APPLYING THE CENTRAL DOGMA (Handout)
Activity #3: MUTATIONS - (section 12-4)
The purpose of this activity is to focus on errors that take place in genetic information. We have already
observed some of these 'mistakes' when we studied some genetic disorders caused by non-disjunction.
The hand-out you will receive deals in more detail with these problems.
C. Gene Regulation (chapter 12-5) Read p.309 – 312 and answer the following
questions:
1. What is an expressed gene?
2. Are all genes expressed at the same time?
3. How does a cell determine which genes will be expressed?
4. What is a promoter?
5. What is the job of RNA polymerase?
6. Briefly describe the process of transcription (review p.301)
7. Sketch a typical prokaryotic gene, including the start and stop signals, and the promoter site
(see fig 12-22)
8. What is an operon? Describe the lac operon in prokaryotes.
9. What gene needs to be expressed when bacteria are lactose, a carbohydrate, needs to be
broken down for energy use?
10. What is the role of a repressor protein? (See fig 12-23)
11. What happens when lactose is present? (See fig 12-23)
D. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation:
1. Sketch a typical eukaryotic gene and label the regions (see fig 12-24)
2. Eukaryotic genes contain a sequence called the “TATA box”. What is the function of the
TATA box?
3. Eukaryotic genes also have enhancer sequences. What are some of the jobs of the many
proteins that bind to these enhancer sequences?
4. Why is gene regulation in eukaryotes more complex than in prokaryotes in terms of cell
specialization?
E. Development and Differentiation
1. What is differentiation?
2. What is one of the most exciting areas in biology today?
3. What are the hox genes?
4. What happens when a mutation occurs in a hox gene?
5. Developmental genes are very similar among different species. Why?