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Unit 2: The Structure and Functions of Cells and their Membrane
Following the Big Ideas - Chapter 4 pages 57-81
Big Idea 1:
 All cells are produced from existing cells, creating an unbroken lineage back to the first cells almost four
billion years ago.
 Fossil records provide evidence that the first cells on Earth were primitive prokaryotes.
Big Idea 2:
 Eukaryotic cells contain multiple cooperating and specialized organelles which produce the structure and
accomplish the functions necessary for life.
 All cells, from simple to complex, have membranes, ribosomes, and DNA.
 Large surface to area volumes ratios promotes cells’ favorable exchange of material.
Big Idea 3:
 Every cell contains DNA (with or without a nuclear cover) which encrypts the information for all of its
structures and functional molecules.
 The genetic material of a cell is stored in chromosomes and composed of DNA.
Big Idea 4:
 Cellular systems metabolize and adapt to changing environmental conditions.
 Specialized organelles allow eukaryotic cells to accomplish vital functions, often by compartmentalizing
enzymes and metabolic pathways.
 Cells specialize by modifying surfaces, architecture, and organelle assortment, compartmentalizing
chemical reactions, and storage.
 The endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells connects membrane-bound organelles for more efficient
delivery and processing of materials.
Chapter 4 Vocabulary:
Cell
Cell Theory
Surface-area-to-volume
ratio
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirilla
Spirochetes
Cell envelope
Plasma membrane
Cell Wall
Glycocalyx
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cyanobacteria
Thylakoids
Flagella
Fimbriae
Conjugation pili
Organelles
Endosymbiotic Theory
Vesicles
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Genes
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores
Polyribosomes
Endomembrane system
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Microbodies
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
Central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Stroma
Thylakoids
Granum
Plastids
Cristae
Matrix
Actin filament
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Centrosome
Centrioles
Cilia flagella
Ribosomes
Chapter 4 Learning Outcomes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Understand that cells are the basic unit of life.
List the basic principles of cell theory.
Recognize how the surface-area-to-volume ratio limits the size of a cell.
Examine the evolutionary relatedness of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaeans.
Describe the fundamental components of a bacterial cell.
Describe how endosymbiotic theory explains eukaryotic cell structure.
Summarize the functions of the organelles in a eukaryotic cell.
8. Compare and contrast the structure of animal and plant cells.
9. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
10. Describe the flow of information from DNA to a protein.
11. Explain the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis.
12. Explain the importance of the endomembrane system in cellular function.
13. Determine how the ER, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes differ from one another.
14. Describe how endomembrane vesicles are able to fuse with organelles.
15. Describe the roles of peroxisomes and vacuoles in cell function.
16. Contrast peroxisomes and vacuoles to endomembrane organelles.
17. Distinguish between the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria in a cell.
18. Describe the internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
19. Compare the structure of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
20. Describe how motor molecules interact with cytoskeletal elements to produce movement.
21. Explain the diverse roles of microtubules in the cell.
Following the Big Ideas - Chapter 5 pages 82-99
Big Idea 2:
 The plasma membrane, a feature of all cells, is appropriately called the gatekeeper of the cell because it
maintains the identity and integrity of the cells as it “stands guard” over what enters and leaves.
 The fluid mosaic model combines phospholipids and proteins to form a flexible, asymmetric, amphipathic,
responsive, and selectively permeable membrane that often extends surface area to facilitate the
movement of molecules across it.
 Molecule cross cell membranes based on their size, charge, and polarity; the diffusion of water (osmosis)
across membranes is essential for cellular processes.
 Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and endocytosis/exocytosis differ in their direction of
molecular movement, assistance by specific membrane proteins, and need for free energy input.
Big Idea 3:
 Membrane receptor proteins act as intercellular signal receivers.
 Embedded membrane proteins provide structural, enzymatic, passage, recognition, and receptor
functions for the cell.
 Cells are able to detect and respond to changes in their environment using signal transduction pathways;
certain diseases are caused by errors in signaling pathways.
Big Idea 4:
 Membranes are an integral part of an interconnected cellular system of communication and response to
environment.
 Membranes that surround various organelles in the cell often interconnect, allowing sequential transport
and storage and brining greater efficiency to the entire cell system
Chapter 5 Vocabulary:
Fluid-mosaic model
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Selectively permeable
Concentration
Gradient
Aquaporins
Bulk transport
Diffusion
Solute
Solvent
Osmosis
Osmotic pressure
Isotonic solutions
Tonicity
Hypotonic solutions
Hemolysis
Turgor pressure
Hypertonic solutions
Crenation
Plasmolysis
Facilitated transport
Active transport
Sodium-potassium
pump
Endocytosis
Solution
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
Extracellular matrix
Adhesion junctions
Tight junction
Gap junction
Cell Wall
Plasmodesmata
Chapter 5 Learning Outcomes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Distinguish between the different structural components of membranes.
Describe the nature of the fluid-mosaic as it relates to membrane structure.
Describe the diverse role of proteins in membranes.
Explain why the plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability.
Compare diffusion and osmosis across a cell membrane.
Describe the role of proteins in the movement of molecules across a membrane.
Differentiate among the effects of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions on animal and
plant cells.
8. Explain how active transport moves substances across a membrane.
9. Compare the energy requirements of passive and active transport.
10. Contrast the bulk transport of large and small substances into a cell.
11. Explain the role of the extracellular matrix in an animal cell.
12. Compare the structure and function of adhesion, tight, and gap junctions in animals.
13. Explain the role of plasmodesmata in plants.