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The Eye Energy v. Chemical senses Energy Senses Chemical Senses Transduction • Transduction -Transforming stimulus energy (signals i.e. light rays, sound waves etc.) into neural impulses • an action potential. • Each sense has its own process of transduction • Information goes from the senses to the thalamus , then to the various areas in the brain. • Example: Converting Light Rays into neural messages Remember Ethan in Sky High. He changes his body to slime. Solid form to liquid form. Transduction is changing from one form of energy to another. Julie’s book bag is twice as heavy as Chandler’s. If it takes 2 extra books to make Chandler’s feel heavier, how many books will it take to make Julie’s feel heavier? 1 2 4 5 6 0% 6 0% 5 0% 4 0% 2 0% 1 A. B. C. D. E. Vision • Our most dominating sense. • Visual Capture – tendency to allow visual images to dominate our perception • Example: In a movie theater tend to think voices are coming from the screen, rather than the speakers Phase One: Gathering Light Light reflecting off an object - The surface of the red apple absorbs all of the colored light rays except red. It reflects red to the eye, so the apple is perceived as red. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy • Wavelength – distance from one wave to the next • Determines hue (color) Phase One: Gathering Light HUE • Hue - The length of the wave gives us it’s hue (color). • ROY G BIV Example: • Red = longest wavelength • Blue-violet = shortest wavelength The Physical Property of Waves Intensity •Intensity - the amount of energy in a light wave, determined by amplitude or height •Height of a wave gives us it’s intensity (brightness). Example: The higher the height, the brighter the color •The lower the height, the duller the color Hue and Amplitude Phase Two: Getting the light in the eye The Eye Cornea – protects the eye and bends light to provide focus Iris – ring of muscle tissue that controls the size of the pupil opening Pupil – small adjustable opening in the center of the eye which light enters Dilation of the pupil allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina where the rods are located so you can see in dim light Lens – transparent structure that focuses light onto the retina Accomodation - process by which the lens changes shape (curvature and thickness) to focus near or far images on the retina Retina – light sensitive, inner membrane of the eye containing rods and cones where the process of transduction occurs. Fovea is located here. • Rods - receptor cells – – – – Retina Black, white, gray sensitive Peripheral vision Twilight, Night vision Sensitively to dim light - High • Cones – receptor cells – – – – – Color sensitive – distinguish different wavelengths of light central vision Daylight, well-lit Fine detail Sensitivity to dim light - Low • Fovea - center of the retina – Sharp, detailed vision – needed for reading, driving or any activity where detail is important – Contains only CONES Rods versus Cones Example: Peripheral vision and color vision Optic Nerve • Optic Nerve – nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain • Blind Spot – point at which optic nerve leaves the eye – Blind spot = no receptor cells • Example: Pg. 127 in textbook Black dot and red car Phase III: Transduction Overview: cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe, visual cortex, feature detector cells. Transduction 1. Rods and Cones convert light energy to neural impulses = transduction (an action potential occurs) 2. Rods and cones synapse with neurons called bipolar cells located in the retina – – Cones hotline to the brain Direct link between single cone to bipolar preserves fine detail of cones message 3. Bipolar Cells transmit to ganglion cells (another type of neuron) whose axons form the Optic Nerve) 4. 1/2 axons in optic nerve crisscross (called optic chasm) sending impulses to opposite side of brain Visual Problems • Farsighted – cornea too flat or distance from cornea to retina too short • Nearsighted – cornea too curved or distance from cornea to retina too long • Astigmatism – irregularly shaped cornea (like a football instead of a baseball Rank the following from most important to least important --What do you think is the most important part of the eye? Why? Least important? Why • Cornea • Pupil • Iris • Lense • Retina • Rods • Cones • Fovea • Optic Nerve Light wave amplitude determines its 1. Intensity of color 2. Color hue we experience 3. Firing of rods in the retina 4. Curvature and thickness of the lens 5. Parallel processing of a scene Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. The distance from one light wave to the next determines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Intensity Amplitude Hue Absolute threshold Transduction Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Lens Iris Retina Optic Nerve Feature Detectors Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rods and cones Lens Bipolar cells Optic nerve Cornea Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bipolar cells Ganglion Cells Rods and cones Lens Iris Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. The most light-sensitive receptor cells are the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bipolar Cells Ganglion Cells Rods Cones Iris Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Phase IV: In the Brain Example: Feature Detector cells – allow you to see the lines, motion, curves and other features of this turkey. • Thalamus to Occipital lobe to Visual Cortex to… • Feature Detectors – nerves cells in the brain that respond to specific features – edges, lines, angles and movement – Example: Turkey • Supercell clusters – teams of cells that fire in response to complex patterns – Example: Perceiving Faces Parallel Processing - Vision Parallel Processing – brain simultaneously process stimulus elements Example: Visual cortex allows you to simultaneously see the color, form, depth, and motion of a rhino charging you Blindsight – localized area of blindness in part of their field of vision caused by damage to visual cortex Example: Can’t perceive your textbook on your desk but you can read the title Color Vision •Two Major Theories: 1. Trichromatic 2. Opponent Process •Both are valid in explaining color vision Trichromatic Theory/ Young-Hemholtz Theory Trichromatic Theory Three types of cones: • Red • Blue • Green • These three types of cones can make millions of combinations of colors. • Explains color blindness • Does not explain afterimages Opponent-Process Theory Opponent Process Theory - The sensory receptors come in pairs. • Red/Green • Yellow/Blue • Black/White • If one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited. • Opponent process cells are located in the thalamus Example: Afterimages Afterimages Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's occipital lobe? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rods Cones Ganglion Cells Bipolar Cells Feature Detector Cells Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. The human ability to speedily recognize familiar objects best illustrates the value of 1. Accomodation 2. Parallel Processing 3. Subliminal Stimulation 4. Sensory Interaction 5. Difference Threshold Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by 1. Opponent process theory 2. Gate control Theory 3. Place Theory 4. The Young Helmholtz Theory 5. Frequency Theory Response Counter 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Hearing, Touch, Taste and Smell Hearing Audition – the sense of hearing Frequency of Sound Waves • Frequency - the number of the waves gives us the pitch if the sound. Example: short wavelength = high pitch; long wavelength = low pitch Amplitude of Sound Waves • Amplitude - the height of the wave = loudness of the sound Example: High height = loud noise; low height = soft noise Absolute Threshold • Absolute Threshold = zero decibels • 10 decibels = 10X increase in sound intensity • Example: – A 30 decibel sound is _____ times louder than a 10 decibel sound • 10X10 = 100 – A 40 decibel sound is _____ A rock concert is ______ times louder than a 10 times louder than normal decibel sound • 10X10X10 = 1000 Conversation Parts of the Ear Transduction • Overview – Pinna, Auditory Canal, Eardrum, Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup, Oval Window, Cochlea, Auditory Nerve, Thalamus,Temporal Lobe, Auditory Cortex 1. Outer Ear - Pressure waves to … Pinna, Auditory Canal, 2. Middle Ear –Ear Drum – tight membrane that vibrates with sound waves. Transmits sound to the bones of the middle ear. Produces Mechanical waves from… hammer, anvil, stirrup (ossicles) to cochlea’s oval window 3. Inner Ear – oval windows produces Fluid waves in… Cochlea – coiled fluid filled tube where transduction occurs vibrations cause basilar membrane’s hair cells (Cillia) to turn vibrations into neural impulses It is all 4. Auditory Nerve – sends neural messages to thalamus.about the 5. Thalamus to Temporal lobes to Auditory cortex vibrations!!! The structure of the ear Mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by _____________? _____________ do the same job for vision as __________ do for audition Neural impulse to the brain Perceiving Loudness – # of activated hair cells allows us to perceive loudness – If hair cells lose sensitivity to soft sounds can still respond to loud sounds – Compression – amplify soft sounds and not loud • Hearing aids produce compressed sound Pitch Theories Place Theory and Frequency Theory Place Theory or Herman von Helmholtz Theory • Place Theory - Brain determines pitch by recognizing the place on the membrane that is generating the neural impulse • Best explains how we sense high pitches • Example: High frequencies produce large vibrations at beginning of cochlear membrane Frequency Theory • Frequency Theory - Brain knows pitch by the frequency of the neural impulse – Frequency (speed) of sound wave matches the speed of the neural impulse. • Theory limitations: Can’t explain high pitch sounds (neural impulses can only travel at 1000 impulses per sec.) • Best explains how we hear low pitches • Example: Frequency of sound wave = 100 waves per second, then 100 impulses per sec. travel to the auditory nerve Volley Principle • Volley PrincipleNeural cells alternate firing in rapid succession • Can achieve a combined frequency of above 1000 waves/sec Think Pair Share • A musician is walking home alone late one night and is startled when a dog in a yard to his left barks unexpectedly – Trace the path that the sound waves travel as they enter the ear and proceed to receptor cells for hearing and then to the brain – Using the two theories of pitch perception explain how the brain might process the pitch of the dog’s bark. Locating Sound • Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely in the direction of the sound Compare the Eye to the Ear Eye Frequency Amplitude Transduction Receptor cells Path to brain Theories Ear Compare the Eye to the Ear Eye Frequency Amplitude Transduction Receptor cells Path to brain Theories hue Ear pitch Compare the Eye to the Ear Eye Ear Frequency hue pitch Amplitude Brightness loudness Transduction Receptor cells Path to brain Theories Compare the Eye to the Ear Eye Ear Frequency hue pitch Amplitude Brightness loudness Transduction Retina Cochlea Receptor cells Path to brain Theories Compare the Eye to the Ear Eye Ear Frequency hue pitch Amplitude Brightness loudness Transduction Retina Cochlea Receptor cells Rods and cones Hair cells Path to brain Theories Compare the Eye to the Ear Eye Ear Frequency hue pitch Amplitude Brightness loudness Transduction Retina Cochlea Receptor cells Rods and cones Hair cells Path to brain Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens , Retina, Rods and Cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe, visual cortex, feature detector cells, cerebral cortex/supercluster cells Pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles (hammer, anvil stirrup), cochlea, basilar membrane hair cells, auditory nerve, thalamus, temporal lobe, auditory cortex Theories Compare the eye to the ear Eye Ear Frequency hue pitch Amplitude Brightness loudness Transduction Retina Cochlea Receptor cells Rods and cones Hair cells Path to brain Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens , Retina, Rods and Cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe, visual cortex, feature detector cells, cerebral cortex/supercluster cells Pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil stirrup, cochlea, basilar membrane hair cells, auditory nerve, thalamus, temporal lobe, auditory cortex Theories Opponent-Process Trichromatic Frequency Pitch Volley principal Deafness Conduction Deafness - Nerve (sensorineural) Deafness • Damage to the mechanical • The hair cells on the basilar system that conducts membrane in the cochlea get vibrations in the middle damaged. ear (hammer, anvil, • Loud noises can cause this stirrup)….or eardrum type of deafness. • You can replace the bones • NO WAY to replace the hairs. of the inner ear through surgery • Cochlea implant - converts sound waves to into electrical signals. • Example: Punctured Eardrum with a • Example: Old age, prolonged Q-tip, Old age exposure to loud noises The loudness of a sound is determined by what? 1. The frequency of a sound wave 2. The amplitude of a sound wave 3. The pitch of a sound wave 4. The decibel level of a sound wave 5. The vestibular level of a8% sound wave 1. 92% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds? 1. Place theory 2. Opponent process theory 3. Frequency Theory 4. Gate Control Theory 5. Young-Hemholtz Theory 93% 7% 0% 1. 0% 2. 0% 3. 4. 5. Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Eardrums Cochleas Oval windows Hair cells Semicircular canals 93% 7% 0% 1. 0% 2. 3. 0% 4. 5. Touch • Receptors located in our skin. • Types of touch –Pressure* –Warmth –Cold –Pain • Sensation of hot Touch • Tickle – stoking adjacent pressure spots • Itching – repeated gentle stroking of a pain spot • Wetness – touching adjacent cold and pressure spots • Hot – stimulating nearby cold and warm spots Touch - Bottoms up AND Top Down Processing • Rubber hand illusion Kinesthetic Sense • Kinesthetic Sense - Tells us where our individual body parts are. • Receptors located in our joints, tendons, bones and ears • Example: Playing volleyball you know where your limbs are located to hit, pass, set or run to the ball • Proprioseption – loss of Kinesthetic sense. Can only move body when they can see their body parts Without the kinesthetic sense you could not touch the button to make copies of your buttocks. Vestibular Sense • Vestibular Sense Enables you to sense your body position and balance • Located in our semicircular canals in our ears. • Example: Spinning around in a chair, you lose your vestibular sense Pain • Biological Influences – Nociceptors – sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure or chemicals • Located in skin, joints & tendons, organs – – – – Gate-control theory* Endorphins - gene Phantom limb sensations Tinnitus • Psychological influences – Distraction – Memory of Pain – peak pain, end pain • Socio Cultural Influences – More pain when others experience pain – Mirror neurons that empathize with others pain Gate Control Theory • Gate Control Theory – spinal cord contains a “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass through to the brain • Example: – Opened by small nerve fibers = pain sent – Closed by large nerve fibers = pain not sent The pain circuit Taste aka Gustatory Sense • Sweet, sour, salty and bitter – Umami • Taste buds – Chemical • Taste is Adaptive • Declines with age – Smoking, alcohol sense Taste • Bumps on our tongue are called papillae. • Taste buds are located on the papillae 200+ each containing a pore. • Pore – 50-100 taste receptor cells that sense food molecules • Olfaction Smell – Chemical sense – Olfactory receptors - odor molecules fit into receptors like a lock and key located in the olfactory bulb – Olfactory bulb – transmits smell from the nose to the brain – Olfactory nerve – sends neural messages from the olfactory bulb directly to the olfactory cortex in the brain bypassing the thalamus – Olfactory cortex – receives information from the olfactory bulb • Conscious awareness of odors • Identification of odors – Hotline between olfactory cortex and limbic system (memory and emotion) Smell (olfaction) Smell and age Sensory Interaction • Sensory interaction – some senses influence others • Examples: Jello in the shape of a brain looks so unappetizing, it tastes terrible too McGurk Effect – seeing mouth movements for ga, but hearing ha, we may perceive da (saying one syllable, while hearing another, you perceive a third) The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hearing Kinesthetic Sense Pain Vestibular Sense Accomodation Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Alex tickles his brother by stroking adjacent ________ spots on his skin. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pressure Warmth Cold Pain Kinethesis Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Taste and smell are both what kind of senses? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vestibular Kinesthetic Energy Chemical Perceptual Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain? 1. Signal Detection Theory 2. Gate Control Theory 3. Young-Helmholtz Theory 4. Place Theory 5. Opponent Process Theory Table 0% 1. 0% 0% 2. 3. 0% 0% 4. 5. Think Pair Share • Dog scenario again - A musician is walking home alone late one night and is startled when a dog in a yard to his left barks unexpectedly. – Using the two theories of pitch perception explain how the brain might process the pitch of the dog’s bark. – Explain how the musician would know that the bark originated to his left without even seeing the dog.