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Transcript
AP Biology – Unit 1 Review Terms/Questions Use this to help you study for your first unit exam – DO NOT use this as your only resource Properties of Water What are the two characteristics of water that enable it to have these unique properties? What are the FOUR emergent properties of water? How do they help biological systems/living things Six elements that comprise the majority of all living matter (organisms) -Where are each of these elements found? – Examples of Molecules/Compounds -How do organisms obtain these elements? (abiotic and biotic processes) Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation) versus Hydrolysis Reaction (examples) Macromolecules: 4 major types – Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins Monomers versus Polymers Carbohydrates: Elemental Composition Monomers - examples Polymers – examples All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula…how do they have dif chemical properties? Compare and Contrast – starch, glycogen, cellulose – in terms of structure and function Lipids: Elemental Composition Polar or nonpolar? Saturated versus Unsaturated Fatty Acids – implication on structure? If an organism has a higher number of unsaturated fatty acids in its cell membrane compared to another organism, predict how the fluidity of the two organisms membranes would differ Building blocks of phospholipids – amphipathic molecule - what does this mean? why is it important? Cholesterol, Steroid (lipid-based) hormones Nucleic Acids: Elemental Composition Monomers – composition of monomers Polymers – DNA, RNA Compare and Contrast Central Dogma : DNA -> RNA -> Polypeptide (Protein) Proteins: Elemental Composition Functions (many)!!!! Monomers – composition of monomers -All monomers have these components in common: alpha (central) carbon bound to an amino Group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain (R group) -All R groups (side chains) are different -> The R groups contribute different chemical properties to each of the twenty amino acids **What types of chemical properties can the R groups confer to amino acids? Polymers – Polypeptides (proteins) Directionality – N-terminus and C-terminus – The amino group of the incoming amino acid joins the carboxyl group of the preceding amino acid of the polypeptide being formed Peptide Bonds – bonds between adjacent amino acids Levels of Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary What interactions maintain each of these structures? Which level of structure gives the protein is true 3-D shape and function? Which levels of structure do ALL proteins have? Which level of structure do SOME proteins have? What environmental conditions can alter the shape of a protein? How can this affect the function? Prokaryotes Versus Eukaryotes – Structures – compare and contrast Size Cellular Structures Compartmentalization – Importance of How does it help make eukaryotic cells more efficient? How does this explain the size difference between pro and eukaryotic cells? Cellular Structures of Importance: Relationship of Structure to Function!! And Surface Area! Ribosomes Found in all cell types Function Free versus Attached -function -destination of produced proteins Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure Functions Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure Function Golgi Complex Structure and Function Lysosomes Structure Function Mitochondria Structure and Function Vacuole Structure and Functions Chloroplasts Structure and Function Cell Membrane (see below) How would cells be affected if these structures malfunctioned? Endomembrane System – Shows the interactions between cell structures Which organelles are involved? Overall Function Pathway travelled by a secretory protein (destination outside of the cell) produced in the RER Plant versus Animal Cells Cell Wall Composition Structure and Function **Does the cell wall completely isolate all plant cells from each other? **Organisms from which other domains/kingdoms typically have a cell wall? Are these cell walls comprised of the same molecules? Cell Membrane Structure Fluid Mosaic Model Functions Major Components: phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol (cholesterol – only in animal cells) Structure/Function of each component Importance of Selective Permeability What are the properties of molecules that can easily diffuse across the membrane? (Examples) What are the properties of molecules that cannot easily diffuse across the membrane? (Examples) What is the function of an aquaporin? Passive Transport Energy requirement? Movement across a concentration gradient? Major roles of this type of transport Facilitated Diffusion If facilitated diffusion required a transport protein, why is it still considered passive transport? Active Transport Energy Requirement? Movement across a concentration gradient? Major roles of this type of transport Are membrane proteins always required for this type of transport? Endocytosis How does this process effectively decrease the size of a membrane? Purpose / Example Phagocytosis versus Pinocytosis Exocytosis How does this process effectively increase the size of a membrane? What is the purpose of this process? / Example Tonicity: Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic Environments – What happens to cells placed in each of these types of environments? How is placing a plant cell in a hypotonic environment different from placing an animal cell in one? Percent Change in Mass Calculation - you MUST memorize this equation Assuming that only osmosis is taking place in each of these situations… If the percent change in mass calculated is positive, what type of a solution was the cell placed in? If the percent change in mass calculated is zero, what type of a solution was the cell placed in? If the percent change in mass calculated is negative, what type of a solution was the cell placed in? Water Potential Calculations – two equations - equations will be provided to you What does each variable mean? How does each variable affect water potential? How does water move, from high to low, or low to high water potential? Why is solute potential always zero or negative? Pure water has a water potential of? Dynamic Equilibrium – Does osmosis ever stop? Does diffusion ever stop? How does the SA:V (surface area:volume) ratio limit cell size? – Why are smaller cells more efficient? -Be able to calculate this ratio -Explain how the significance of this ratio in terms of diffusion -Why does this matter? Scientific Method Controlled Experiments Problem versus Hypotheses WHAT ELSE!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?
