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Altering DNA POINT > Define and describe recombinant DNA POINT > Show how bacterial plasmids are used in recombinant technology POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms POINT > Identify uses of recombinant DNA POINT > Define and describe recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA is DNA formed by joining DNA fragments together (by utilizing “sticky ends”) This allows combinations of DNA segments from different organisms (due to universal base pairing rules) POINT > Show how bacterial plasmids are used in recombinant technology Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria (in addition to their own chromosome) In nature, plasmids usually carry genes for resistance (antibiotic, chemical) In research, plasmids are used to insert recombinant DNA into bacteria, which then “amplify” the gene POINT > Show how bacterial plasmids are used in recombinant technology Plasmids contain a genetic marker, usually a gene for antibiotic resistance Only bacterial cells that have the plasmid will survive when grown in the presence of an antibiotic POINT > Show how bacterial plasmids are used in recombinant technology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA5fyWJh5S0 WB CHECK: What is a plasmid? Where would you find a plasmid? What do plasmids do for bacteria? What do researchers use plasmids for? POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms A transgenic organism contains one or more genes from another species or another individual Scientists use recombinant DNA & plasmids to create transgenic organisms POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms Transgenic Plants Agrobacterium is a species of bacteria that inserts DNA plasmids into plant cells, resulting in tumors Scientists use Agrobacterium to get new DNA into plant cells POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms Transgenic plant production steps: 1. Tumor-causing gene in Agrobacterium plasmid is replaced with recombinant DNA gene of interest 2. Plants infected with the bacteria will contain the gene of interest in their genome 3. The new plant grows and expresses the transferred gene 4. Micropropagation allows for many identical plants to be produced quickly POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms WB CHECK: What is a good bacteria to use if you want to put a new gene into a plant? What is a transgenic organism? WB CHECK: Which of these events would be first? a) Allow Agrobacterium to infect the plant cells b) Cut both the plasmid and the new gene with the same restriction enzyme c) Use DNA ligase to fully recombine the plasmid and the new gene d) Use micropropagation to make many identical plants Place a-d in logical order POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms Transgenic Animals Animals cells can be transformed by directly inserting DNA into the nucleus Enzymes responsible for DNA repair can function to insert the recombinant DNA into chromosomes POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms Animal cloning: a new individual is grown from a single cell of an adult organism The clone is genetically identical to the adult the cell was taken from The process is difficult and expensive, and cloned animals tend to have shorter lifespans (not understood) POINT > Define and describe transgenic organisms Cloning: WB CHECK: Which of these events would be first? a) b) c) d) Put the nucleus of an adult donor cell into an egg cell Implant the egg cell into a surrogate mother Allow recombined egg cell and nucleus to divide Remove the nucleus from an adult egg cell Place a-d in logical order POINT > Identify uses of recombinant DNA Genetically modified crops & animals (GMOs) Preventing & treating disease (gene therapy) Medical research Genetic testing (for disease, etc) Personal identification (forensics, relationships) Read textbook pages 423-427 Workbook pages 251-252