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Monday, 31 July 2017 Inheritance and Variation Objective: Describe how features are inherited using WALT: DNA A/A* Explain that genes exist in formats called alleles. B Describe the relationship between chromosomes and genes. C Identify where chromosomes are found within cells Key Words: Inheritance. Genes. Alleles. Peter Griffin Lois Griffin Meg Griffin Chris Griffin Stevie Griffin What features do Lois and Meg share? How are they different? What features do Peter and Chris share? How are they different? VARIATION How do we get variation? DNA Structure • How is DNA Structured? Match up the name of the structure, to the picture and the information about it. Try and get them in order from biggest to smallest! Cells All living organisms are made up of cells. Cells contain genetic information in a place called the nucleus. Genes, Chromosomes and DNA Cell membrane A single chromosome cytoplasm nucleus A pair of chromosomes Animal cell (one from each parent) The nucleus of human cells 23 pairs of chromosomes A chromosome A gene = a short section of the chromosome A gene DNA molecule = DOUBLE HELIX Cross sections made up of Base Pairs The DNA is coiled to form the arms of the chromosome The gametes • Are the sperm and egg cells • They contain half the genetic information of a normal body cell • When joined together the fertilised egg will have a complete set of genetic information (a complete genome) • This is why we might look a bit like our parents! Key Fact: Genes control the features of the organism. A gene makes a protein that provides a physical feature. E.g. brown hair colour Alleles Extracting DNA Practical © Association for Science Education and Centre for Science Education 2011 METAHUMAN : ENGINEERING 2 : MODIFIED Extracting genetic material 1 Pulp 2–3 strawberries in a pestle and mortar. 2 Add 10 cm3 of extraction buffer and mix thoroughly but gently. 3 Filter into a test tube. Collect about 3 cm3 of filtrate. 4 Carefully pour about 6 cm3 of cooled ethanol down the side of the test tube so that it forms a layer on top of the filtrate. 5 After about a minute carefully remove the white material that forms between the layers by twisting it round a glass rod. 6 Put a small piece on microscope slide and tease it into a thin layer using toothpicks. 7 Examine under a microscope. © Association for Science Education and Centre for Science Education 2011 SS3 CAN YOU DESCRIBE WHAT EACH STAGE OF THE PRACTICAL DID? Crushing it with a pestle and mortar? Adding extraction buffer? Filtering the mixture? Adding ice cold ethanol? TASK: CAN YOU COME UP WITH AN ANALOGY TO REMEMBER THE ORDER OF THE WORDS E.g. I think of a book: Each letter is the base pair Each word is a piece of DNA Each sentence is a gene. Each chapter is a chromosome Each book is the genome / cell WRITE YOUR OWN DEFINITION OF THE KEY WORDS: Genome Chromosome Gene DNA Alleles Monday, 31 July 2017 Inheritance and Variation Objective: Describe how features are inherited using WALT: DNA A/A* Explain that genes exist in formats called alleles. B Describe the relationship between chromosomes and genes. C Identify where chromosomes are found within cells Key Words: Inheritance. Genes. Alleles. SIZE