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Transcript
GOAL 1: SKILLS AND PROCESSES
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. KNOW THE PARTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD: PROBLEM, HYPOTHESIS,
EXPERIMENT (VARIABLE AND
CONTROL)
2. GRAPH INTERPRETATION
3. PARTS OF A GRAPH
a. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
b. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT
GRADUATED CYLINDER
MICROSCOPE
APRON
GLOVES
GOGGLES OR SAFETY GLASSES
BIOCHEMISTRY
ORGANIC MOLECULES
EXAMPLES
 1. LIPIDS (FATS)
 2. PROTEINS (MADE OF AMINO ACIDS)
 3. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA AND RNA)
 4. CARBOHYDRATES (GIVE ENERGY)
CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
• ALL HAVE CARBON
• FATS STORE ENERGY
• NUCLEIC ACIDS GIVE GENETIC INFORMATION
• CARBOHYDRATES GIVE ENERGY
• PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES AND HELP WITH
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS CODE OR CARRY THE MESSAGE FOR
PROTEINS
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCARIDE – SIMPLE SUGAR
DISACCARIDE – DOUBLE SUGAR
MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN BONDS
ALL OF THESE ARE SUGARS GIVING ENERGY
POLAR VS NONPOLAR COMPOUNDS
•
•
•
•
•
POLAR DISSOLVE IN WATER.
WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE.
NONPOLAR DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
LIPIDS DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
LIPIDS ARE THE ONLY NONPOLAR ORGANIC
COMPOUND THAT WE ARE CONCERNED WITH
WHAT MAKES A MOLECULE POLAR?
 WATER IS POLAR. WATER IS WRITTEN H2O.
 THE OXYGEN HAS A SLIGHT NEGATIVE CHARGE AND
THE HYDROGEN HAS A SLIGHT POSITIVE CHARGE.
 THEREFORE, ONE SIDE OF THE MOLECULE IS
SLIGHTLY POSITIVELY CHARGE AND THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE MOLECULE IS SLIGHTLY NEGATIVELY
CHARGED.
WHAT VITAMINS DO FOR US
VITAMIN C = HEALS WOUNDS
VITAMIN D = HELPS BONE GROWTH
VITAMIN K = HELPS BLOOD
CLOTTING
ENZYMES
• SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• ALL ARE PROTEINS SO THEY ARE
MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS
• THEY HAVE A CERTAIN FIT OR
SHAPE SO A SUBSTRATE FITS IN IT
TO MAKE A PRODUCT
TWO THING MESS UP ENZYMES SO
THEY DON’T WORK
 CHANGE THE PH
 CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE
 ENZYMES HAVE A CERTAIN SHAPE
TO THEM THAT ALLOWS ITEMS TO
ATTACH TO THEM
DIFFUSION
MOLECULES GO FROM AN AREA OF HIGH
CONCENTRATION (LOTS OF MOLECULES)
TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION
(VERY FEW MOLECULES).
SUGAR IN WATER
SALT IN WATER
GASES IN A ROOM
OSMOSIS
MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES OF WATER
FROM AN AREA OF HIGH
CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW
CONCENTRATION THROUGH A
MEMBRANE.
HOW WATER GETS INTO A CELL.
TYPES OF OSMOSIS SOLUTIONS
• HYPERTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH IN
PARTICLES, LOW IN WATER
• HYPOTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH IN
WATER, LOW IN PARTICLES
• ISOTONIC SOLUTION – BALANCE
OF WATER AND PARTICLES
CELL PARTS





CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL
NUCLEUS
RIBOSOMES
MITOCHONDRIA
CELL MOVEMENT
 FLAGELLA OR FLAGELLUM – WHIP
LIKE TAIL
 PSEUDOPOD OR PSEUDOPODIA –
FALSE FOOT. CYTOPLASMIC
PROJECTION. A BLOB COMING
FROM THE CELL’S SIDE.
CILIA OR CILIUM – MICROSCOPIC ,
TINY HAIR LIKE STRUCTURES.
FLAGELLA ARE LONGER THAN CILIA.




CHLOROPLASTS
NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
MAKES OXYGEN AND SUGAR
NEEDS CARBON DIOXIDE, LIGHT,
WATER
MITOCHONDRIA
 NEEDED FOR ENERGY (ATP)
 USES OXYGEN, SUGAR
 MAKES CARBON DIOXIDE, ATP,
WATER.
 OPPOSITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS RESPIRATION
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS MAKES OXYGEN AND
SUGAR
 RESPIRATION MAKES ENERGY, WATER
AND CARBON DIOXIDE
 THEY ARE OPPOSITE OF EACH OTHER
 RESPIRATION – OXYGEN PLUS
SUGAR MAKES ENERGY, WATER
AND CARBON DIOXIDE.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS – ENERGY,
WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE
MAKES OXYGEN PLUS SUGAR
MITOSIS
 THIS IS CELL DIVISION OF BODY
CELLS, NOT SEX CELLS
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS MITOSIS.
 NEW BODY CELLS ARE MADE BY THIS
PROCESS.
 MAKES THE FULL NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES
MEIOSIS
o THIS PROCESS MAKES SEX CELLS
o MAKES EGG AND SPERM
o CELLS HAVE ONE HALF THE
CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN EGG
OR SPERM
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
FULL NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOME
HALF THE NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES
ASEXUAL REPRO
SEXUAL REPRO
START WITH 46
CHROMSOMES, END
WITH 46
CHROMOSOMES
START WITH 46
CHROMOSOMES,
END WITH 23
CHROMOSOMES
ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
NO NEW GENE
COMBINATION
NEW GENE
COMBINATIONS
ONE CELL MAKES THE
SAME CELL
TWO CELLS MEET TO
MAKE A DIFFERENT
CELL
EGG MEETS SPERM
GENETICS
DNA – FOUND IN NUCLEUS. CONTAINS
GENETIC MATERIAL.. IT’S SHAPE IS A
DOUBLE HELIX.
• NUCLEOTIDE – PART OF MAKING UP
DNA
 MADE OF SUGAR, PHOSPHATE AND
NITROGEN BASE
NUCLEOTIDE
 THE BASES ARE G, A, T, C.
A ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH T
G ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH C
IF THIS DOESN’T HAPPEN, MUTATIONS
CAN OCCUR.
MUTATION – CHANGE IN THE DNA.
MATCH THE SIDE OF DNA WITH ITS
OPPOSITE COMPLIMENTARY BASE
A
G
G
A
C
T
T
C
RNA IS ANOTHER NUCLEIC ACID
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA
 RNA HAS ONE SIDE, DNA HAS TWO SIDE
 RNA HAS U (URACIL) REPLACING T (THYMINE)
 RNA HAS A, U, G, C
 DNA IS A DOUBLE SUGAR, RNA IS A SINGLE SUGAR
MATCH DNA WITH ITS COMPLIMENTARY
STRAND OF RNA: DNA IS BELOW
A–
T–
G–
C–
C–
A–
A–
T-
TERMS FOR MAKING DNA AND RNA
o REPLICATION – DNA MAKES DNA
o TRANSCRIPTION – RNA IS MADE FROM DNA.
MESSENGER RNA IS MADE FROM DNA AND
GOES TO THE RIBOSOME TO MAKE PROTEIN
o TRANSLATION – THE MESSENGER RNA ON
THE RIBOSOME CODES FOR TRANSFER RNA
TO BRING THE AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME
CODON – A THREE (3) NITROGEN BASE
SEQUENCE TO MAKE A PROTEIN
 DNA MAKES RNA: THE DNA (TAC) WILL MAKE WHICH
RNA?
 THIS MESSENGER RNA WILL THEN MOVE TO THE?
 WHAT WILL TRANSFER RNA BRING TO THE
RIBOSOME?
REMEMBER
DNA CODES FOR PROTEINS.
THE PROTEINS MADE CAN ACT AS ENZYMES.
ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ARE
IMPORTANT FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
WHAT TWO INFLUENCES CAN AFFECT HOW ENZYMES DO
THEIR JOBS?
ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS.
PUNNETT SQUARE
 P.S. SHOW GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
 SHOW DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENES
 WORK WITH ALLELES (T, t) OR (w, W), ETC.
 SHOWS GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE RELATIONSHIPS
 SHOWS RATIOS
TERMS USED WITH PUNNETT SQUARES
 HETEROZYGOUS
 BOTH ALLELES ARE DIFFERENT SUCH AS Tt OR Ss
 HOMOZYGOUS
 ALLELES ARE THE SAME SUCH AS TT, tt, SS, ss
 BE ABLE TO WORK OUT PUNNETT SQUARES AND
INTERPRET PUNNETT SQUARES
SEX-LINKED TRAITS
 FOUND ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES
 WHAT ARE THE SEX CHROMOSOMES?
 WHICH TWO GIVE US A MALE?
 WHICH TWO GIVE US A FEMALE?
 SEX-LINKED TRAITS ARE RECESSIVE TRAITS
 WHO SHOWS MORE SEX-LINKED TRAITS AND WHY?
WORK OUT SEX-LINKED COLORBLIND
PROBLEM
MOM IS A NORMAL.. DAD IS COLORBLIND.
 GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE RATIO
USING A PUNNETT SQUARE.
 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS WILL BE
COLORBLIND?
 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS WILL BE
COLORBLIND?
ANOTHER SEX LINKED PROBLEM
 MOM IS A CARRIER FOR COLORBLINDNESS. DAD IS
COLORBLIND.
 GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE RATIO USING A
PUNNETT SQUARE.
 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS WILL BE
COLORBLIND?
 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS WILL BE
COLORBLIND?
ECOLOGY
TERMS:
 SUCCESSION
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION. DO YOU KNOW THE
DIFFERENCE?
 ABIOTIC FACTORS
 BIOTIC FACTIONS
 DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO?
 FOOD WEBS
 DO YOU KNOW HOW TO INTERPRET A FOOD WEB?
PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS
 DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THOSE TWO
WORDS?
 GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH IN A FOOD WEB.
 WHAT PROCESS ENABLES PRODUCERS TO MAKE THEIR FOOD?
SYMBIOSIS: LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPS
THREE TYPES OF LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPS
 PARASITE OR PARASITISM
 MUTUALISM
 COMMENSALISM
 DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 3 OF THOSE?
 CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH?
ANSWERS ARE ON THE NEXT PAGE
ANSWERS:
 PARASITE – LIVING OFF A HOST AND IT CAUSES HARM TO THE
HOST. EXAMPLES, TICKS, FLEAS, TAPEWORMS.
 MUTUALISM – BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT FROM LIVING
TOGETHER. EXAMPLES, HONEY BEES POLLINATE THE FLOWER
AND THE FLOWER GIVES THE BEE S FOOD. A SHRIMP CAN
CLEAN THE MOUTH OF AN EEL AND THE EEL CAN GIVE THE
SHRIMP PROTECTION.
 COMMENSALISM – A PILOT FISH SWIMS WITH A GREAT WHITE
SHARK. THE PILOT FISH EATS THE LEFTOVERS THAT THE SHARK
DOESN’T EAT. THE PILOT FISH GETS A FREE MEAL AND DOES
NOTHING TO HELP THE SHARK.