Download Final Exam Review - Blue Valley Schools

Semester Final Review: Honors Biology-Mohn
Your semester final will consist of 100 multiple-choice questions. It will make up 20% of your semester grade. Below
are the topics that the test questions will be drawn from.
Textbook Concepts Covered:
Chapter 9: 9.1-9.6
Chapter 10: 10.1-10.5
Chapter 11: 11.1–11.6
Chapter 12: 12.1-12.3
Chapter 14: 14.1-14.5
Chapter 15: 15.1-15.4
Chapter 34: 34.1-34.2
Chapter 35: 35.1-35.4
Chapter 36: 36.1-36.3
Cell Division & Mitosis
What happens to the chromosomes inside the cell before, during, and after mitosis?
What takes place in each of the stages of cell division?
Interphase: Resting & DNA replication
Prophase: Chromosomes condense
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in center of cell
Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled apart
Telophase: New nuclei form, chromosomes decondense
Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm
Meiosis
Gene
OR
What happens to the number of chromosomes inside the cell before, during, and after meiosis?
What type of cells are produced through the process of meiosis?
A portion of the DNA strand that carries specific information for how to make a protein.
A section of DNA that carries encoded information about a specific trait.
Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant: a form of a gene (allele) that is expressed even if present with a contrasting recessive allele
Recessive: a form of a gene (allele) that is only expressed when two copies are present
Heterozygous & Homozygous
Homozygous: the two alleles are identical
example: homozygous dominant (AA) and homozygous recessive (aa)
Heterozygous: the two alleles differ
example: heterozygous (Aa) (sometimes called a “carrier” of the recessive allele)
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Example: HH or Hh or hh
Phenotype: the physical characteristics of an organism
Example: Curly or straight hair.
Punnett Squares
Demonstrate how to use a Punnett square to represent the possible outcomes of a one-factor cross between
two individuals.
Inheritance Patterns
Be familiar with the following inheritance patterns: sex-linkage, codominance, intermediate inheritance.
DNA Composition & Structure
What bases bond to each other in the DNA molecule?
What type of bonds connect the bases together between the two strands in a DNA molecule?
What is the shape of DNA similar to?
What is the name for this type of structure?
DNA Replication
Describe how DNA is copied inside a cell.
Explain the meaning of the term “semiconservative replication.”
DNA & RNA
List the three ways that RNA differs from DNA.
1. RNA is single-stranded, DNA is double-stranded
2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine
3. RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar
Protein Synthesis
Understand the roles of each of the components of transcription, including DNA, RNA polymerase, and mRNA.
Understand the roles of each of the components of translation, including ribosomes, tRNA, mRNA, amino acids,
and protein.
Mutations
What is a mutation? What can cause a mutation?
How is it possible that a mutation could change the DNA sequence but not result in a change in the sequence of
amino acids in the resulting protein?
Evolution Terminology
Be sure to review the important terms from our evolution unit:
extinction, fossil, fossil record, intermediate forms, homologous structures, vestigial structures, species,
speciation, descent with modification, natural selection, isotopic dating, gene pool, genetic drift, gene flow,
adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, biological fitness
Reproductive Isolation
What is reproductive isolation and how can it lead to speciation?
Evidence of Evolution
Explain how the fossil record provides evidence of how organisms have changed over time.
Describe how the genes of living organisms can be examined and interpreted as evidence of evolution.
What is a homologous structure? How do homologous structures help support the idea of common ancestry?
What is a vestigial structure? What do they tell us about the evolutionary history of organisms?
Natural Selection
How do we summarize natural selection?
1. Variation exists among individuals within species.
2. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.
3. Competition for environmental requirements exists among individuals.
4. The organisms whose variations best fit them to the environment are the ones who are most likely to
survive, reproduce, and pass those desirable variations to the next generation.
Sexual Selection
Sexual selection is natural selection operating on traits that contribute to an organism's mating success.
Bright coloring and attention-getting behavior can help attract mates, but it also can attract predators.
Seemingly harmful traits can evolve when the sexual attractiveness of the trait outweighs the problem it
presents for survival.
Biological Classification System
7 levels of Biological Classification: Each level is called a “taxon.”
Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
Scientific Names
Written as: Genus species or Genus species
The genus name is capitalized and the species name is not. Either typed in italics or underlined.
Cladograms
What is a cladogram? How do you construct a cladogram? What is a clade? What unites all members of a
clade?
Kingdoms of Life
Describe the general characteristics of each of the 5 Kingdoms of life as described in the handout from class.
Ecology
What is the difference between a biotic factor and an abiotic factor?
Know the 3 major types of symbiotic relationships. (commensalism, parasitism, mutualism)
List the 5 levels of ecological study.
What are three methods for estimating the size of a population?
How do you calculate population density? What is the difference between density-dependent and densityindependent limiting factors.
What is the difference between an exponential growth curve and a logistic growth curve?