Download GMO vs Selective breeding

GMO VS SELECTIVE
BREEDING
By Shay Townson
A
GMO (genetically modified organism) is the result of
a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of
one species are extracted and artificially forced into
the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. The foreign
genes may come from bacteria, viruses, insects,
animals or even humans.
GMO

GMOs have many techniques and methods for creating them some examples of this are
Gene Silencing, Bacterial Carriers, Electroporation, and Gene Splicing.

Gene Silencing


Bacterial Carriers


Bacterial Carriers are used to deliver into the cell by physically adding a wanted gene into a
Bacterial and then plants in a plant to add the gene to the plant.
Electroporation


Gene Silencing is when an engineer “silences” the gene that causes an undesired trait. This can
be very useful if a certain gene activates an allergic reaction that gene could be “silenced.”
Electroporation is when the targets cells are placed in a solution with the chosen DNA with a
strong brief electric shock causing the walls of the cell to tear allowing in the DNA. The Cells are
then put in another solution to repair the damage brought on by the electric shock trapping the
DNA inside.
Gene Splicing

In Gene Splicing biotechnologists modify DNA, and then add it into the target host cells to allow
for the genes and resulting traits to be modified.
GMO TYPES

Alfalfa (first planting 2011)

Canola (approx. 90% of U.S. crop)

Corn (approx. 88% of U.S. crop in 2011)

Cotton (approx. 90% of U.S. crop in 2011)

Papaya (most of Hawaiian crop; approximately 988 acres)

Soy (approx. 94% of U.S. crop in 2011)

Sugar Beets (approx. 95% of U.S. crop in 2010)

Zucchini and Yellow Summer Squash (approx. 25,000 acres)
GMO STATS
 PROS
 CONS

Unintended Harm to Other
Organisms
Disease Resistance

Reduced Effectiveness of Pesticides

Cold Tolerance


Drought or Salinity Tolerance
Gene Transfer to Non-Target
Species

Nutrition

Human Health Risks

Pharmaceuticals

Economic Concerns

Phytoremediation

Very Hard to Get Rid of

Pest Resistance

Herbicide Tolerance

GMO: PROS AND CONS
 Selective
breeding (also called artificial selection) is
the process by which humans breed other animals
and plants for particular traits. Typically, strains that are
selectively bred are domesticated, and
the breeding is normally done by a professional
breeder.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
There are three main approached to selective breeding in animals is
Outcrossing, Line Breeding, and Inbreeding.

Outcrossing


Line Breeding

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Outcrossing is mating two animals for about 4 to 6 generations to make
sure that the trait is more numerous than it was before, but is only worth it
when the genetic variation for a trait is high.
Line Breeding is when you mate related animals like half siblings, cousins,
aunts, and nephews. It is really only effective if the trait or traits continues
to show in the offspring.
Inbreeding

Inbreeding is when directly related animals are mated to create
uniformities, prepotency, and to force out latent weaknesses from the
gene pool.
SELECTIVE BREEDING: TYPES ANIMALS
Some types of selective breeding in plants are Mass Selection, Pure-line
Selection, and Hybridization to make it simple.

Mass Selection
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Pure-line Selection
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Mass selection is when seeds from desirable appearing individuals for
the next generation to be planted from eliminating undesired traits.
Pure-Line Selection has 3 steps involving selecting superior appearing
plants form a genetically variable population, then grown and
evaluated by observation over several years, finally it is determined
whether or not the new plants are better than their relatives.
Hybridization

Hybridization is mating carefully selected plants to combine desirable
genes found in two or more different varieties and to produce purebreeding offspring.
SELECTIVE BREEDING: PLANTS
 Increase
the Food Supply
 Increase
the Levels of Protein
in Forage Crops
 Allow
Plants to Grow Areas
Not Originally Suited to Them
 Possibility
of a Huge Die of
 Modified
Plants Could Use Up
More Than Thought Killing the
Locate Environment
SELECTIVE BREEDING: PROS AND CONS