Download Chapter 3: Principles of Plant Growth

Chapter 3: Principles of Plant
Growth
Plant cell
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
A rigid outer layer of the cell composed
primarily of cellulose and lignin. The
cell wall is durable enough to give
plants structure and support, yet porus
enough to allow water and other
materials to pass in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm
The fluid surrounded
by plasma
membrane
Made up of a
complex protein
matrix or gel
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A complex structure consisting of folded
sacs & tunnels. Proteins produced by
the ribosomes are passed through the
ER membrane into the ER lumen, where
they are sealed in vesicles for transport
to the cell membrane, golgi apparatus,
or other cell organelles. ER covered
with ribosomes if referred to as “rough
ER”. Whereas ER with few or no
attached ribosomes is termed “smooth
ER”
Ribosomes
The site of protein
synthesis. When
found floating freely in
the cytoplasm, they
produce protein that
will be used in the cell.
When attached to the
ER, they produce
proteins used outside
the cell.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
The site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts synthesize the pigment
chlorophyll, giving plants their green
color. Chlorophyll, along with other
pigments, allow plants to capture and
store energy from sunlight, which can
later be utilized for photosynthesis.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
The site of respiration within the cell.
Mitochondria utilize oxygen to produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In turn,
ATP provides energy for almost all the
cell’s chemical reactions. Mitochondria
contain DNA and are capable of
manufacturing their own proteins.
Nucleus
Nucleus
The control center of the cell. The
nucleus contains chromosomal DNA
that regulates the production and
structure of proteins within the cell.
The nucleus is surrounded by the
nuclear membrane, a porous membrane
that allows materials to pass in and out
of the nucleus.
Golgi Complex
Golgi Complex
A series of flattened sacs and vesicles.
Proteins, as well as other molecules
such as hormones & carbohydrates,
pass through the various sacs of the
golgi complex where they are
chemically modified. After modification,
the molecules are placed in vesicles for
transport within ad out of the cell
Vacuoles
A fluid filled cavity
that stores water,
salts, enzymes,
food, and other
materials required
by the cell. They can
make up 90% of the
cell. The help
support the cell.
Plant Tissues
Groups of cells that function as a unit. 4 groups.
Meristematic- a region in which undifferentiated cells
divide.
Fundamental- parenchyma tissue in monocots.
(equivalent of cortex and pith in dicots). Storage
units.
Protective- Epidermal “skin” protects.
Vascular- Xylem & Phloem is the transport system.
Plant Organs
Groups of tissues form organs.
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Root
Stem
Terminal bud
Axillary bud
Node
Internode
Lenticel
Terminal bud scar
Bundle scar
Leaf scar
Leaves
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H20
Green Plant
Light Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H20 + 6 O2
Transpiration
Loss of water by the plant.
How does the plant protect itself from
losing to much water?
Heredity
Plant breeding.
Growth –vs- Time
S – shape growing curve.
Why is important to know when the
plant is going to start a flush of growth?
Temperature
minimum, maximum, optimal temperatures
for a crop
wheat min=40 max=90 (when flowering)
crops generally don't grow in areas where
average 24 hour temperature <50 or >130
Radiant Energy (Amount, quality &
duration of sunlight)
amount of light energy received
measured in foot candles
summer day = 10,000
living room = 20
crops need 100-10,000
if not enough light, grow tall (leggy, weak stems)
weed control reduces competition for light
planting rate & row spacing
some plants need shade (tobacco), burlap, lathes,
screens
Radiant Energy (Amount, quality &
duration of sunlight)
energy that travels in wavelengths
short wavelengths = high energy (blue)
long wavelengths = low energy (red)
ultraviolet = invisible
Radiant Energy (Amount, quality &
duration of sunlight)
amount of light of different colors
plants absorb red & blue, reflect green
smoke filters blue, sun looks red
glass & plastic filter light
Water
Photsynthesis
Needed for metabolic functions
Transpiration
Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Atmosphere
The Primary gases are oxygen and
Carbon dioxide for respiration and
photosynthesis.
Excess sulfur dioxide, ethylene,
fluorides & others can harm plants
Nutrient Requirement
C HOPKNS CaFe Mg Na Cl Cu Mn Co Zn
Mo B
C Hopkins Café; mighty good (but) Not
always Clean. CuM’n CoZ’n MoBy?
Nickel
Photoperiodism
Some plants needs a certain number of
hours of day length to flower
Short day plants (i.e. poinsettias,
strawberries, mums) need long nights
uninterrupted to flower
Long Day plants (i.e. spinach sugar
beets) need short nights
Day neutral (i.e. tomatoes)