Download TM Review Genetics

TM Review Genetics
1. Chromosome:
1. Chromosome
threadlike strands made
of
DNA and PROTEIN
2. Homologous
Chromosome:
2. Homologous
Chromosome:
chromosomes that each
have a matching
chromosome; one was
from mom and other from
dad
3. Diploid:
3. Diploid:
a cell that contains both sets of
homologous chromosomes (2n)
4. Haploid:
4. Haploid:
a cell that contains only a single
set of genes (n)
5. Gamete:
5. Gamete:
Is a sex cell. An egg or sperm. (n)
6. Autosome:
6. Autosome
chromosome that
is not a sex
chromosome
7. How many total
chromosomes are found
in a human diploid body
cell?
7. How many total
chromosomes are found
in a human diploid body
cell?
2n=46
8. How many chromosomes
are found in a human
haploid cell?
8. How many chromosomes
are found in a human
haploid cell?
n=23
9. How many sex
chromosomes are found
in human body
cells?
In gametes?
9. How many sex
chromosomes are found
in human body
cells? 2—XX or XY
In gametes? 1- X or Y
10. What are the sex
chromosomes in
males?
Females?
10. What are the sex
chromosomes in
males? XY
Females? XX
11. Which parent
determines the gender
of their baby, why?
11. Which parent
determines the
gender of their
baby, why?
Father.
His Sperm have an X
or Y Chromosome.
12. The diagram below is
called a
12. The diagram below is
called a
Karyotype
13. Draw a circle around
the sex chromosomes in
the diagram above.
13. Draw a circle around
the sex chromosomes in
the diagram above.
14. Draw squares around
the autosomes in the
diagram.
14. Draw squares around
the autosomes in the
diagram.
15. Is the diagram from a
male or a female?
15. Is the diagram from a
male or a female?
GUY=XY
16. What disorder is caused
by Trisomy 21 in a
karyotype?
16. What disorder is caused
by Trisomy 21 in a
karyotype?
Down’s Syndrome
is caused by
Nondisjunction:
when homologous
chromosomes fail to
separate during
meiosis
17. Genetics:
16. Genetics:
scientific study of heredity
18. Heredity:
18. Heredity:
Is the passing of traits to offspring
19. Do the principles of
probability always predict
the actual outcomes of
genetic crosses?
Why or why not?
19. Do the principles of
probability always predict
the actual outcomes of
genetic crosses?
Why or why not?
No.
Probability can be used to predict
the outcomes of genetic crosses.
20. Genotype:
20. Genotype:
Genetic makeup of an individual
21. Phenotype:
21. Phenotype:
Physical characteristic
22. Homozygous:
22. Homozygous:
an organism that has two identical
alleles for a particular trait
Ex RR or rr
23. Heterozygous:
23. Heterozygous:
an organism that has two
different alleles for the same trait
Ex Rr
24. Gene:
24. Gene:
Segments of DNA that code for a
protein and determine a trait
25. Allele:
25. Allele:
a different form of a gene
26. Dominant:
26. Dominant:
An allele for a particular form of a
trait will always exhibit that form of
the trait.
ex RR or Rr
27. Recessive:
27. Recessive:
An allele for a particular form of a trait
will exhibit that form only when the
dominant allele for the trait is not
present.
ex rr
28. Pure-breed:
28. Pure-breed:
term used to describe organisms that
produce offspring identical to
themselves
Ex RR or rr
29. Hybrid:
29. Hybrid:
offspring of crosses between
parents with different traits
Ex Rr
30. Sex-Linked:
30. Sex-Linked:
gene located on the X or Y
chromosome
31. If curly hair is dominant over straight hair. Draw a
Punnett Square showing a cross between a
homozygous dominant father and a
heterozygous mother. Describe the genotypes
and phenotypes of the offspring, including the
percentages of each.
31. If curly hair is dominant over straight hair. Draw a
Punnett Square showing a cross between a
homozygous dominant father and a heterozygous
mother. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of
the offspring, including the percentages of each.
c
C
CC x Cc
C
CC
Cc
Genotypes: CC and Cc
CC
Cc
C
Phenotypes:
CC, Curly
and Cc, Curly
32. What is the probability that a
couple will have a female
child?
A male child?
Why?
32. What is the probability
that a couple will have a
female child? 1/2 or 50%
A male child? 1/2 or 50%
Why?
-All human egg cells carry a
single X chromosome.
-Half of all sperm cells carry
an X chromosome and half
carry a Y chromosome.
33. Describe the genetic reason
that explains why
colorblindness would be
found more commonly in
males than in females?
33. Describe the genetic reason
that explains why colorblindness
would be found more commonly
in males than in females?
Since males have just one X
chromosome, all X-linked alleles
are expressed in males. Girls need
2 copies.
34. Use your knowledge of
genetics and colorblindness
to describe the results of
the Punnett Square below.
X
Y
XC
XC
X XC X XC
XC Y XC Y
34. Use your knowledge of
genetics and colorblindness
to describe the results of
the Punnett Square below.
-All daughters are
carriers (heterozygous)
-All sons are colorblind
X
Y
XC
XC
X XC X XC
XC Y XC Y
35. Describe the difference between
incomplete dominance and
co-dominance. Give an
example of each.
35. Describe the difference between
incomplete dominance and codominance. Give an example of each.
Incomplete Dominance:
Where one allele is not
completely dominant over
another. The heterozygous
phenotype is somewhere in
between the two
homozygous phenotypes.
35. Describe the difference between
incomplete dominance and codominance. Give an example of each.
Co-dominance:
Both dominant and recessive
allele contribute to the
phenotype
ex Roan color in horses has
a gene for red and white
color--there are equal
numbers of both colors
evenly dispersed within the
coat
36. Draw a Punnett Square
for your example of
incomplete dominance.
37. Law of Segregation:
37. Law of Segregation:
During gamete
formation, alleles
segregate from each
other so that each
gamete carries only a
single copy of each
gene.
38. Law of Independent
Assortment:
38. Law of Independent
Assortment:
allele pairs separate independently
during the formation of gametes, so
they have no effect on the inheritance
of each other.
39. Autosomal dominant
disorder:
(who will get it?)
39. Autosomal dominant
disorder:
(who will get it?)
If you have one (Rr) or two dominant (RR) alleles for a
genetic disorder, it will be expressed.
ex Achondroplasia, Huntington's disease (nervous system
disorder), Marfan Syndrome
40. Autosomal recessive
disorder:
(who will get it?)
40. Autosomal recessive
disorder:
(who will get it?)
If you have two recessive, rr, alleles for a
genetic disorder, it will be expressed.
ex PKU, Tay-Sachs
41. What is genetic
engineering?
41. What is genetic
engineering?
process of making changes in the
DNA code of living organisms
42. A strand of DNA formed by the
splicing of DNA from two different
species is called?
42. A strand of
DNA formed
by the splicing
of DNA from
two different
species is
called?
Recombinant DNA
43. What is a restriction
enzyme?
43. What is a restriction
enzyme?
enzyme that cuts
DNA at a specific
sequence of
nucleotides
44. What is recombinant
DNA?
44. What is recombinant
DNA?
DNA produced by combining DNA
from different sources
45. If you were to inject
genetically engineered DNA
into an animal, into which
cells would you inject the DNA
(genes) for the best results?
45. If you were to inject
genetically engineered DNA
into an animal, into which
cells would you inject the DNA
(genes) for the best results?
Fertilized eggs