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TM Review Genetics 1. Chromosome: 1. Chromosome threadlike strands made of DNA and PROTEIN 2. Homologous Chromosome: 2. Homologous Chromosome: chromosomes that each have a matching chromosome; one was from mom and other from dad 3. Diploid: 3. Diploid: a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes (2n) 4. Haploid: 4. Haploid: a cell that contains only a single set of genes (n) 5. Gamete: 5. Gamete: Is a sex cell. An egg or sperm. (n) 6. Autosome: 6. Autosome chromosome that is not a sex chromosome 7. How many total chromosomes are found in a human diploid body cell? 7. How many total chromosomes are found in a human diploid body cell? 2n=46 8. How many chromosomes are found in a human haploid cell? 8. How many chromosomes are found in a human haploid cell? n=23 9. How many sex chromosomes are found in human body cells? In gametes? 9. How many sex chromosomes are found in human body cells? 2—XX or XY In gametes? 1- X or Y 10. What are the sex chromosomes in males? Females? 10. What are the sex chromosomes in males? XY Females? XX 11. Which parent determines the gender of their baby, why? 11. Which parent determines the gender of their baby, why? Father. His Sperm have an X or Y Chromosome. 12. The diagram below is called a 12. The diagram below is called a Karyotype 13. Draw a circle around the sex chromosomes in the diagram above. 13. Draw a circle around the sex chromosomes in the diagram above. 14. Draw squares around the autosomes in the diagram. 14. Draw squares around the autosomes in the diagram. 15. Is the diagram from a male or a female? 15. Is the diagram from a male or a female? GUY=XY 16. What disorder is caused by Trisomy 21 in a karyotype? 16. What disorder is caused by Trisomy 21 in a karyotype? Down’s Syndrome is caused by Nondisjunction: when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis 17. Genetics: 16. Genetics: scientific study of heredity 18. Heredity: 18. Heredity: Is the passing of traits to offspring 19. Do the principles of probability always predict the actual outcomes of genetic crosses? Why or why not? 19. Do the principles of probability always predict the actual outcomes of genetic crosses? Why or why not? No. Probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses. 20. Genotype: 20. Genotype: Genetic makeup of an individual 21. Phenotype: 21. Phenotype: Physical characteristic 22. Homozygous: 22. Homozygous: an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait Ex RR or rr 23. Heterozygous: 23. Heterozygous: an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait Ex Rr 24. Gene: 24. Gene: Segments of DNA that code for a protein and determine a trait 25. Allele: 25. Allele: a different form of a gene 26. Dominant: 26. Dominant: An allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form of the trait. ex RR or Rr 27. Recessive: 27. Recessive: An allele for a particular form of a trait will exhibit that form only when the dominant allele for the trait is not present. ex rr 28. Pure-breed: 28. Pure-breed: term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves Ex RR or rr 29. Hybrid: 29. Hybrid: offspring of crosses between parents with different traits Ex Rr 30. Sex-Linked: 30. Sex-Linked: gene located on the X or Y chromosome 31. If curly hair is dominant over straight hair. Draw a Punnett Square showing a cross between a homozygous dominant father and a heterozygous mother. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring, including the percentages of each. 31. If curly hair is dominant over straight hair. Draw a Punnett Square showing a cross between a homozygous dominant father and a heterozygous mother. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring, including the percentages of each. c C CC x Cc C CC Cc Genotypes: CC and Cc CC Cc C Phenotypes: CC, Curly and Cc, Curly 32. What is the probability that a couple will have a female child? A male child? Why? 32. What is the probability that a couple will have a female child? 1/2 or 50% A male child? 1/2 or 50% Why? -All human egg cells carry a single X chromosome. -Half of all sperm cells carry an X chromosome and half carry a Y chromosome. 33. Describe the genetic reason that explains why colorblindness would be found more commonly in males than in females? 33. Describe the genetic reason that explains why colorblindness would be found more commonly in males than in females? Since males have just one X chromosome, all X-linked alleles are expressed in males. Girls need 2 copies. 34. Use your knowledge of genetics and colorblindness to describe the results of the Punnett Square below. X Y XC XC X XC X XC XC Y XC Y 34. Use your knowledge of genetics and colorblindness to describe the results of the Punnett Square below. -All daughters are carriers (heterozygous) -All sons are colorblind X Y XC XC X XC X XC XC Y XC Y 35. Describe the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. Give an example of each. 35. Describe the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. Give an example of each. Incomplete Dominance: Where one allele is not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes. 35. Describe the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. Give an example of each. Co-dominance: Both dominant and recessive allele contribute to the phenotype ex Roan color in horses has a gene for red and white color--there are equal numbers of both colors evenly dispersed within the coat 36. Draw a Punnett Square for your example of incomplete dominance. 37. Law of Segregation: 37. Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. 38. Law of Independent Assortment: 38. Law of Independent Assortment: allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes, so they have no effect on the inheritance of each other. 39. Autosomal dominant disorder: (who will get it?) 39. Autosomal dominant disorder: (who will get it?) If you have one (Rr) or two dominant (RR) alleles for a genetic disorder, it will be expressed. ex Achondroplasia, Huntington's disease (nervous system disorder), Marfan Syndrome 40. Autosomal recessive disorder: (who will get it?) 40. Autosomal recessive disorder: (who will get it?) If you have two recessive, rr, alleles for a genetic disorder, it will be expressed. ex PKU, Tay-Sachs 41. What is genetic engineering? 41. What is genetic engineering? process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms 42. A strand of DNA formed by the splicing of DNA from two different species is called? 42. A strand of DNA formed by the splicing of DNA from two different species is called? Recombinant DNA 43. What is a restriction enzyme? 43. What is a restriction enzyme? enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides 44. What is recombinant DNA? 44. What is recombinant DNA? DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources 45. If you were to inject genetically engineered DNA into an animal, into which cells would you inject the DNA (genes) for the best results? 45. If you were to inject genetically engineered DNA into an animal, into which cells would you inject the DNA (genes) for the best results? Fertilized eggs