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Single-celled organisms and some
animals also have vacuoles…
 Paramecium
 Contractile vacuole
 Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water
out…this maintains what?
 homeostasis
Cytoskeleton
 Supporting structure and
transportation system
 Network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape and to help
the cell move
 2 main type of filaments
 Microtubules
 Microfilaments
(Intermediate filaments is a 3rd type)
Microfilaments
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Threadlike structures
Made of protein called ACTIN
Extensive networks
Tough, flexible framework
Help cells move
Assembly and disassembly helps cells move (like
amoebas)
Microtubules
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Hollow structures
Made of proteins called TUBULINS
Maintain cell’s shape
Important in cell division
 Make mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes)
 Help build projections from cell surface…
Cilia and Flagella
 Plural: cilium and flagellum
 Cilia: hundreds of extension of the cell membrane that move like
the oars of a boat
 Flagella: one or two long extensions off the cell that move in a
whip like fashion
 Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquid
Centrioles
 Only animal cells
 Made of protein TUBULIN
 What else is made of tubulin?
 Near nucleus
 Help organize cell division
Two ways cells get energy…
 From food molecules
 From the sun
Mitochondria
 Convert chemical energy stored in
food into compounds that are more
convenient for the cell to use
 Has 2 membranes
 Inner membrane
 Lots of FOLDS (cristae)= INCREASE surface
area= more ATP being produced
 Outer membrane
 In Animal AND Plant cells
 Nearly all come from the ovum
 You get your mitochondria from your
mom!
Chloroplasts
 Plant and some Bacteria cells
only ( NOT in animal cells)
 Capture energy from the
sunlight and convert it into
chemical energy…what is this
process called?
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Like solar power for plants
 2 membranes
 Inside: large stacks of other
membranes that contain
chlorophyll
Chloroplast (found in cells in
leaves)
 Concentrated in the cells of the
mesophyll (inner layer of tissue) in
leaf
 Stomata
 Tiny pores on surface of leaf
 Allows carbon dioxide and
oxygen in and out of the leaf
 Veins
 Carry water and nutrients from
roots to leaves
 Deliver organic molecules
produced in leaves to other
parts of the plant
Chloroplast
 Cellular organelle where
photosynthesis takes place
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Double membrane
Outer membrane
Stroma (fluid filled space)
Inner membrane
Thylakoids
 Thylakoid membrane contains
CHLOROPHYLL
 Granum
 Intermembrane space
 Contain chemical compound
called Chlorophyll
 This molecule gives chloroplast
its green color
Structure of
Chloroplast
 Structures organize the many
reactions that take place in
photosynthesis
 Stomata
 Small pores in the underside of leaves
that release water and oxygen and
take in carbon dioxide
 Guard cells
 Control the opening and closing of
stomata depending on environment
 Stroma
 Thick fluid enclosed by the inner
membrane
 Thylakoids
 Disc-like sacs suspended in the
stroma
 Has membrane that surrounds inner
thylakoid space
 Grana (sing. Granum)
 Stacks of thylakoids
Organelle DNA
 Chloroplasts and
mitochondria contain their
own genetic info
 In form of small, circular
DNA molecules
 mDNA
Lynn Margulis
 American biologist
 Chloroplasts and
mitochondria are
descendants of prokaryotes
She said…
 Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the
day had a symbiotic relationship with the
ancient eukaryotes
 What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)
 The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes
 There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to
make energy (ATP)
 Mitochondria
 There were prokaryotes that used
photosynthesis to get energy
 Chloroplasts
Endosymbiotic Theory
 Idea that
mitochondria and
chloroplasts
evolved from
prokaryotes
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Antwon van Leeuwenhook
Robert Hook
Cell
bacteria
Cell Theory
Electron microscope
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleus
nucleolus
Ribosome
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Chromosome
Vacuole
Osmosis
Endocytosis
exocytosis
Proteins
DNA
RNA
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Golgi apparatus
Micrometer
Millimeter
Picameter
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Mictrotubule
Microfilament
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
Rudolph Virchow
Lynn Margulis
Endosymbiotic Theory
Cilia
Flagella
Photosynthesis
Pseudopodia
Aquaporin
Transmembrane protein
Facilitated diffusion
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Microscope
Micrograph
Magnifier
Lens
Contractile vacuole
Central Vacuole
Centrioles
Centrosomes
Nuclear pores
Nuclear-plasm
Stomata
ATP synthase
Chlorophyll
Cell membrane
Cell Wall
Cellulose
Phospholipids
Thylakoid
Cristae
Matrix
Inner membrane
Outer memebrane