Download Objectives Chapter 6 - Mercer County Community College

Mercer County Community College
Division of Science and Health Professions
BIO 101
Summer 2010
Objectives Chapter 6: Cellular Biology
1. Examine cells as the fundamental units of life
2. Contrast the utility of light microscopes and scanning and transmission electron microscopes
3. View the technique of centrifugation in the separation of sub-cellular components. Examine a
homogenate, supernatant, and pellet
4. Compare the architecture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
5. Distinguish between a nucleoid region and a nucleus
6. Describe the architecture of the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes and explain how this
structure is a selectively permeable
7. Explain why a high surface area to volume ratio is advantageous for cells
8. Detail the components of eukaryotic nuclear membrane including double layer, pores, and lamina
9. Find and describe the nucleolus, chromatin (and chromosomes)
10. View cellular locations of ribosomes (bound and free) and describe role in protein synthesis
11. List components of the endomembrane system: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, vacuoles
12. Examine cellular location of smooth ER and rough ER and compare synthetic functions of each.
13. Explain why RER is both a membrane factory, a protein modifier, and a maker of vesicles
14. Examine cisternae, and cis and trans faces of the Golgi apparatus. View the Golgi and a protein
modifier and its synthesis of transport vesicles from the trans face.
15. Analyze the lysosome with respect to its role in degradation and recycling of macromolecules
16. Associate phagocytosis and the formation of a food vacuole with lysosome activity
17. Discuss the utility of contractile vacuoles in the regulation of water content in some Protista
18. View a plant central vacuole and note its large size and role in storage of molecules, water, and
isolation of harmful materials from the cell
19. Examine the architecture and function of mitochondria including the inner and outer membranes,
matrix, cristae, mtDNA, enzymes involved in the synthesis of ATP
20. Identify photosynthesis as the reaction that occurs within the plant chloroplast/thylakoid
21. Locate perixosomes in the cytoplasm and detail their role in the detoxification of cellular toxins.
Example: hydrogen peroxide and catalase enzyme
22. Discuss the role of the cytoskeleton in the maintenance of cellular structure, organization, and
movement (using motor proteins)
23. Contrast microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
24. Locate cellular centrosomes and examine the 9 microtubule-based double centrioles
25. View sperm and cilia as motile structures employing microtubule architecture
26. Examine the extracellular structures of cell wall (plants), extracellular matrix and cell junctions
27. Describe the structure and function of cell walls
28. Describe the function of glycoprotein and integrins in the extracellular matrix
29. Compare cell junctions employing desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions, plasmodermata
30. Note that emergent properties arise when cellular components function together
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Mercer County Community College
Division of Science and Health Professions
BIO 101
Summer 2010
Objectives Chapter 7: The Plasma Membrane
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Examine the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane including membrane fluidity
Examine the role of fatty acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids in the plasma membrane
Compare membrane proteins: peripheral, integral, transmembrane.
Describe 6 main functions of membrane proteins
Discuss the role of glycoproteins in cell-cell recognition
Explain why cell membranes are “sided” and the role of the ER and Golgi in this aspect
Examine membrane selective permeability
Describe how transport proteins, aquaporins, carrier proteins, and channel proteins allow the
passage of certain molecules through the plasma membrane
9. Discuss diffusion as a passive transport process and its importance in the passage of
molecules across cell membranes
10. Detail the importance of osmosis to cells and the difference in cellular response to isotonic,
hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions in animal and plant cells
11. Describe facilitated diffusion as a passive process that uses transport proteins
12. Examine the disease cystinuria as a malfunction in a transport process
13. Contrast active and passive transport processes
14. Detail the sodium/potassium pump as an active transport process and the role of
electrochemical gradients in membrane potential
15. Explain how cotransport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute
16. Examine the bulk transport processes of endocytosis and exocytosis
17. Examine the role of the lysosome in phagocytosis
18. Discuss the process of pinocytosis
19. Examine the binding of ligand to receptor in receptor-mediated endocytosis
Objectives Chapter 8: Metabolism
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Define metabolism as an emergent property of life
Detail a metabolic pathway and explain the role of enzymes in metabolism
Compare catabolic and anabolic processes
Define the terms: energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, potential energy, chemical energy
Explain the first law of thermodynamics , the principle of conservation of energy, and how this
related to metabolism
6. Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its importance in biology
7. Define free energy and compare exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of Δ G
8. View the hydrolysis of ATP and release of energy
9. Describe the characteristics of a spontaneous reaction
10. Examine cellular respiration, C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O as an exergonic reaction
11. Examine photosynthesis , 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2 as an endergonic
reaction
12. Describe the cell as a system not in equilibrium as an open system
13. Analyze the ability of cells to couple reactions to do mechanical, chemical, and transport work
14. View the structure of ATP and the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate to release energy
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Mercer County Community College
Division of Science and Health Professions
BIO 101
Summer 2010
15. Examine the cellular mechanism of phosphorylation
16. Show how ADP is phosphorylated to regenerate ATP
17. Explain how enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
18. Examine the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity
19. Define: substrate, reactant, product, enzyme, active site, induced fit, and enzyme-substrate
complex
20. View the role of cofactors and coenzymes in enzyme activity
21. Compare competitive inhibitors and non-competitive inhibitors in enzyme action
22. Explain how allosterically regulated enzymes have active and inactive forms
23. Discuss the mechanism of feedback inhibition in the regulation of metabolic processes
Objectives Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
1. Examine the connectedness between photosynthesis in plants and cellular respiration in
animals
2. Compare the exergonic breakdown of molecules in fermentation, aerobic respiration, and
anaerobic respiration
3. Review cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) involving the
oxidation of glucose and the reduction of oxygen
4. Discuss redox reactions in which electrons are transferred between reactants (oxidation and
reduction) and compare reducing and oxidizing agents
5. Describe the role of NAD+, NADH, O2 in the formation of ATP in cellular respiration
6. Discuss 3 processes in cellular respiration: glycol sis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation, relative amounts of ATP production, and cellular location
7. Examine the oxidation of glucose to private in glycol sis
8. Examine the mechanism of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
9. Review the role of the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial cristae
10. Describe chemiosmosis and the role of ATP synthase in the mitochondria
11. Relate the sequence glucose
NADH
electron transport chain
proton-motive force
ATP to cellular respiration
12. Describe the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol in alcohol fermentation in yeast
13. Describe the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in fungi, bacteria, and human muscle cells
14. Contrast facultative and obligate anaerobes
15. Examine catabolic and anabolic processes and the role of proteins, fatty acids, and glucose
16. Examine the regulation of cellular respiration via feedback mechanisms
Objectives Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
1. Explain why plants are autotrophs and why photosynthesis is so important to the rest of the
living world. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
2. Provide examples of heterotrophic consumers
3. Describe the role of the following structures in photosynthesis: chloroplast, stomata,
mesophyll, thylakoids, granna, stroma, photons, photosynthetic pigments
4. View photosynthesis as a redox reaction
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Mercer County Community College
Division of Science and Health Professions
BIO 101
Summer 2010
5. Examine the light reaction and Calvin cycle
6. View the pigments chlorophyll a, arytenoids, and chlorophyll b and their role as light harvesting
pigments
7. Compare photo system I and photosystem II
8. Compare reactions in mitochondria and chloroplasts
9. Describe the Calvin cycle
10. Examine the role of photorespiration in consuming O2 and organic fuel and releasing CO2
11. Describe C4 plants and CAM plants
Objectives Chapter 12: Cell Division
1. View cell division as a component of the cell cycle
2. Explain why mitosis generates genetically identical daughter cells
3. Compare somatic and gametic cells
4. Distinguish between chromosomes, chromatin, centromeres, centrioles, centrosomes, and
chromatids
5. Contrast the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis
6. Examine the events of G1, S, and G2 in interphase. Include a description of Go
7. Describe the structure and function of the mitotic spindle in the various phases of cell division.
Include centrosomes, microtubules, asters , kinetochore, and centromere.
8. Describe in detail the events that occur in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
9. Examine the role of the cleavage furrow and cell plate (plant cells) in cytokinesis
10. View binary fission as a mechanism of cell division in bacteria
11. Describe the role of checkpoint proteins in the regulation of the cell cycle
12. Discuss how the G1 checkpoint regulates cell progression in the cell cycle
13. Describe the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the molecular regulation of the cell
cycle
14. Examine the external factors that influence the cell cycle including growth factors, anchorage
dependence and contact inhibition
15. Examine 3 features of cancer cells that indicate they have bypassed normal cell cycle controls.
16. View the process of transformation of normal cell to cancer cell and contrast between benign
and malignant growths which may metastasize.
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Mercer County Community College
Division of Science and Health Professions
BIO 101
Summer 2010
Vocabulary words
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
Light microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope
Ultracentrifuge
Homogenate
Pellet
Supernatant
Prokaryotic cell
Nucleoid region
Eukaryotic cell
Organelle
Cytosol
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Surface to volume ratio
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear pore
Nuclear lamina
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
rRNA
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum – smooth and rough
Golgi apparatus – cisternae, cis and trans
Chapter 7:
Selective permeability
Amphipathic protein
Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipid – polar head, non-polar tail
Membrane fluidity
Lateral protein movement
Cholesterol
Integral - transmembrane protein
Channel protein- aquaporin, gated ion
Carrier protein – glucose transporter
Peripheral protein
Passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Secretory vesicle
Lysosome - autophagy
Phagocytosis
Food vacuole
Contractile vacuole
Central vacuole
Mitochondria – cristae
Chloroplast
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Peroxisome
Cytoskeleton
Motor protein
Thin, thick, intermediate filaments
Centrosome
Centriole
Cilia
Flagella
Extra cellular matrix
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Integrin
Intercellular junction
Gap junction
Desmosome
Osmoregulation
Turgid
Flaccid
Plasmolysis
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Na+/K+ pump
Membrane potential
Electrochemical gradient
Bulk transport
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis
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Mercer County Community College
Division of Science and Health Professions
BIO 101
Summer 2010
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
Metabolism
Metabolic pathway
Catabolic pathway
Energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Chemical energy
First law of thermodynamics
Principle of conservation of energy
Second law of thermodynamics
Spontaneous process
Free energy Δ G
Negative Δ G
Exergonic reaction
Endergonic reaction
Reactants
Products
Equilibrium
Chapter 9: Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
NADH
Glucose
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
Citric acid cycle (Krebs)
Acetyl CoA
Redox reaction
Mitochondrial matrix
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll
Stomata
Mesophyll
Thylakoid
Granum
Stroma
Light reaction
Thylakoid membrane
ATP
Phosphorylation
Enzyme
Catalyst
Free energy of activation EA
Transition state
Substrate
Enzyme/substrate complex
Active site
Cofactor
Coenzyme
Competitive inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Allosteric regulation
Feedback inhibition
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain
Cytochrome
H+ ions
H+ gradient
Chemiosmosis
ATP synthase
Fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
Obligate anaerobe
Facultative anaerobe
Calvin cycle (dark, light-independent reaction)
Carbon fixation
Visible spectrum
Photon
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Carotenoid
Accessory pigment
Photosystem
Light harvesting complex
Reaction center
Cellulose
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Mercer County Community College
Division of Science and Health Professions
BIO 101
Summer 2010
Reactions
Formation of ATP
ADP + P  ATP
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Glycolysis
Glucose + 2NAD + 2ATP  2 pyruvate+ 2NADH + 4ATP (=2 ATP)
Citric Acid Cycle
2 Pyruvate + NAD+ + FADH  2ATP + NADH + FADH2 + CO2 + H2O
Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate + NADH  ethanol + NAD+ + CO2
Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate + NADH  lactate + NAD+
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light energy
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (=36 ATP + heat)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose oxidized: 1 glucose  2 ATP and 2 pyruvate
NAD+ reduced to NADH
No O2 required, no CO2 produced
Energy investment and energy payoff phases (net gain 2 ATP)
Citric Acid cycle Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
2 ATP per 1 glucose (2 pyruvate)
CO2 generated
NADH and FADH2 (electron donors)
Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA prior to cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation Occurs in mitochondrial cristae
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to electron transport chain
Cytochrome proteins involved
Oxygen required
H+ gradient drives ATP synthase
~36 ATP per glucose total for cellular respiration
Fermentation Occurs in cytoplasm
Anaerobic
Uses pyruvate
Generates alcohol (or lactic acid)
Generates NAD+ to be used in sustaining glycolysis
Photosynthesis: Light dependent reaction Occurs in thylakoid membrane (chlorophyll)
Light E converted to chemical E
Requires water
Produces oxygen, ATP, NADPH
Photosynthesis: Calvin cycle Occurs in stroma
Carbon fixation (uses CO2)
NADPH, ATP used to make glucose
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