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Download Gregor Mendel Mendel`s 7 Pea Plant Traits
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Lecture 6 OUTLINE Why do you look like your Mother (or Father)?… Essential Genetics •DNA is a Blueprint for Life –Traits, Genes & Alleles –From Genes to Proteins •Sex and Genetic Variability Gregor Mendel • “Father” of modern genetics • First developed rules now used to predict inheritance • Chose to study the pea – Easily manipulated in breeding experiments Mendel’s 7 Pea Plant Traits • Plant height • Flower color • Flower position • Pod color • Pod shape • Seed color • Seed shape 1 Flower Characteristics are Passed on to Offspring in Specific Ways •Different forms for the same characteristic are called TRAITS. •Some forms are DOMINANT •Some forms are RECESSIVE FLOWER COLOR is the PHENOTYPE Mendel’s Interpretation • Assumed that each form of trait was controlled by a”Hereditary Factor” • Dominant traits (“P” for purple) mask presence of recessive (“p” for white) alleles – Individuals with the same phenotype may have different hereditary factors. • GENES are Mendel’s “Hereditary Factor” • The TOTAL complement of genes present in an organism constitute its Genotype 2 DNA Contains Genes GENE - region of DNA that produces a functional protein Eg. The Purple Pigment Protein which give a flower its purple color are “encoded” by a specific set of genes. DNA Contains Genes GENE - region of DNA that produces a functional protein Eg. The proteins which give a flower its purple color are “encoded” by a specific set of genes. Transcription • Messenger RNA (mRNA ) carries genetic info from DNA in the Nucleus – All mRNAs are made from a DNA Template 3 DNA Contains Genes Translation – is the process of “decoding” the genetic message into cellular proteins. Translation • mRNA relays Genetic Info to the Protein Synthesis Machinery • Proteins are synthesized on Ribosomes • Transfer RNAs bring in the Amino Acids P and p Alleles •Different forms for the same characteristic are called ALLELES •Some forms are DOMINANT •Some forms are RECESSIVE P = dominant gene that makes pigment protein è P U R P L E f l o w e r p = recessive gene that makes NO pigment è WHITE flower 4 P and p Alleles • Plants have TWO alleles for Flower Color • H o m o z y g o t e = alleles are the SAME (PP or pp) • Heterozygote – alleles are different (Pp – not shown) P and p Alleles • When plants reproduce only ONE allele is found in each EGG or SPERM cell (GAMETES) • INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT P P P P What happened when Mendel crossed these two types of pea plants? Punnett Squares • Gene combinations determine Color Plant with PURPLE FLOWER Plant With WHITE FLOWER p p P P Pp Pp Pp Pp What color are the progeny (offspring)? 5 P and p Alleles • Progeny or Offspring all have a PURPLE FLOWER PHENOTYPE • Progeny have a Pp, or Heterozygote GENOTYPE • Phenotype – appearance of the plant • G e n o t y p e - alleles that are present in the plant genome What happens when THESE plants reproduce? P and p Alleles • Progeny have different Genotypes and Phenotypes Human Sex Determination • Gene combinations determine SEX Mother X X X XX XX Y XY XY Father 6 Some Traits are determined by more than one set of Alleles Human Genome Contains 23 Pairs of Chromosomes Male Why do you look like your Mother (or your Father)? • Chance –Alleles are randomly donated from parents to offspring –Specific Genetic combinations are therefore a product of chance. 7