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PowerPoint Notes: Standard 4, Objective 3 Slide 1: We learned about DNA and the basis of its structure when we talked about biological macromolecules, what do you remember? What are the monomers called? What are the parts of the monomer? How do they connect to make a polymer? What are they two types of polymers? The GATC code provides instructions for cell structure and function. Slide 2: Line up base pairs and talk about where the connections (bonds) are and how they bond together. Label the parts of the DNA structure (backbone and rungs). Discuss the idea of anti-parallelism that the two strands are opposite to each other. Discuss the length of these molecules and that in the human genome that if all DNA from one cell was lined up end to end it would be 3 meters (over 6 feet) long. Slide 4: Replication – DNA splits in half and nucleotides come in to fill in the blanks. This happens in the nucleus during Interphase. Accurate replication is important to the correct transmission of traits. Slide 5: DNA makes proteins. It also has other functions like development and function of the organism. Transcription – DNA can’t leave the nucleus but proteins are made in ribosomes outside of the nucleus… we have a problem. We need a way for the DNA code in the nucleus to get to the ribosomes. THIS IS WHERE RNA APPEARS. There are different kinds of RNA and the first we’ll learn about today is the mRNA (messenger RNA). DNA transcribes codes into RNA molecules that can leave the nucleus. RNA molecules are different from DNA (single strand, thymine replaced by uracil, can leave nucleus). RNA provides the code for amino acids to form proteins. Enzymes are made from proteins and control reactions in the cell. Slide 6: Messenger RNA (mRNA) - the messenger that brings DNA from the nucleus to the ribosome. Talk about how the information is passed and introduce URACIL. Translation – mRNA meets the ribosome and tRNA (transport RNA) comes in to bring the appropriate amino acids. These form chains that become the complex proteins we learned about. Slide 8: A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material and increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. Many mutations cause cancer. Slide 9: Spontaneous mutations occur due to errors in DNA replication, repair or recombination. Slide 15: Reproductive Cloning: Pros 1) Parents with no eggs and sperm can create children that are genetically related 2) Same sex couples can have children without the use of donor sperm or donor eggs 3) The men would only require a surrogate to carry the clone until birth 4) Parents that have lost a child can have that child returned to them with a clone 5) Endangered animals can be cloned to save the species Organ Replacement: Many believe that cloning can be used to replace failing organs. This will diminish the waiting list for organ donations and allow more people to be saved. Not only that, but because the organ is, in fact, your own organ, there would be less chance of rejection. Your body would recognize the new organ as your own. Genetic Research: Cloning could prove helpful in the research of genetics. Using cloning technologies, genetic researchers would have a better understanding of the composition of genes and the effects of genetic constituents on human traits. There is also the likely ability to alter genetic constituents in cloned humans, and cloning could help combat genetic diseases. Obtaining Desired Traits in Organisms: With the use of cloning, organisms can be customized to suit the needs of whatever research purposes being done. Using genetic alteration in plants and animals, researchers can replicate organisms needed for research. No longer would there be the worry of scientists harming creatures because these creatures would be cloned specifically for the purpose of research. Recovery from Traumatic Injury: Healing and recovery times could be lowered because of cloning. Using the person’s own cells, they will be able to recover that much faster and that much easier. Using their own cells, they would be given the chance to truly heal with less complications. Slide 16: Reproductive Cloning: Cons 1) Cloning children could foster an understanding that children can be designed and replicated to the parents’ wishes. There would be a lack of uniqueness and violate convictions regarding human individuality and freedom. Clones could be seen as less than human compared with nonclones 2) Children created by cloning would live in the shadow of the genetic donor, always having to live up to the expectations of a person they were created from. Imagine discovering that you are the clone of a child your parents lost, and you live your life always being compared to the dead child 3) 95% of animal cloning has ended in failure due to genetic defects, and cloning is considered unsafe because of it 4) Many believe that cloning is against God’s wishes because the clones would be created by man. Man would be playing God and create people that are unable to feel and empathize. There is also the belief that these clones would be created without a soul. Increased Malpractice: While the cloning of body organs can be a great asset to extending human life, it could also cause a lot of malpractice. Along with the ability to clone desired traits, there could be the possibility of people deliberately reproducing undesired traits. This could lead to a rise in malpractices within society. Lack of Diversity: Cloning involves a process of creating identical genes. As such, there would be a lack of diversity in humankind. Scientists believe this lack of diversity will lower the human race’s ability to adapt. Plus, there would be a lack of diversity in the world leading to everyone looking the same. Faster Aging: The idea behind cloning is to harvest cells from a donor, raise them to embryonic stage in a petri dish, and then place them in a surrogate to grow to term. However, there is a possibility that the age of the donor could be imprinted on the growing embryo. Tis would cause premature aging issues and potentially lead to premature death. Security: People shed millions of cells throughout their day as their skin cells fall off. You can leave skin cells even on a computer keyboard, and those cells could be used to clone you if cloning becomes a reality. What laws would there be to defend your rights as the true non-clone compared to the clone? Would there be any defense against people collecting cells and cloning random people? Studies show that the clone would in fact not be completely identical to the original, just as twins are not completely identical. Though they might look alike, twins have different personalities and enjoy different things. The same would be said of clones. Even if technology were created in which your memories and thoughts could be transmitted to the clone, your clone would still be a different person.