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Download Basics of Biology (part 3): transcripCon, translaCon ADN, ARNs
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Basics of Biology (part 3): transcrip4on, transla4on ADN, ARNs, proteins ?.'>&786&/'&-.'/:$3#& 7;.$3* 7;.$3*&%:))&<$=$#$'3&,>$/'#$#1& 9@ABCD6ECF8& C3=')=:#&786&-')+>:."#:& !"#$%&% E968GD9CAECF8& C3=')=:#&986&-')+>:."#: C3=')=:# C3=')=:#&986&-')+>:."#:& E968GB6ECF8& C3=')=:#&.$H'#'>:#& First step: Transcription ! from DNA to RNA! RNA (ribonucleid acid) is a single-stranded polymer, up to few 1000 nucleotides long.! Its bases differ slightly from DNA: U replaces T! ! RNA polymerase is an enzyme! (protein) that unzips DNA and makes a partial copy into a RNA strand! It is a molecular motor, it uses ATP to move along DNA. ! Different types of RNA :! - Messenger RNA (mRNA): the one carrying the protein code! - Transfer RNA (tRNA): the carrier of amino acids ! - Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): components of the ribosome! ?.'>&786&/'&-.'/:$3#& 7;.$3* 7;.$3*&%:))&<$=$#$'3&,>$/'#$#1& 9@ABCD6ECF8& C3=')=:#&786&-')+>:."#:& E968GD9CAECF8& C3=')=:#&986&-')+>:."#:& !"#$%'% E968GB6ECF8& C3=')=:# C3=')=:#&.$H'#'>:#& 2nd step: Translation! the genetic code! slation: three Nucleotides encode ananamino acid Translation: three Nucleotides encode amino acid Translation: three Nucleotides encode an amino acid of three nucleotides on es ofSequences three nucleotides on mRNA form athree “word” or “codon” Sequences of nucleotides on rm a “word” or “codon” mRNA form a “word” or “codon” UAC UAA UAC Tyr UAA AUG UAA Stop Tyr Start Stop (Met) Stop ê Reminder:! mRNA, however, does not recognize 1) in RNA, U replaces T! amino acids, thedoes building of mRNA, however, not blocks recognize 2) mRNA is the one carrying the proteins amino acids, the building blocks of protein code! owever, does not recognize proteins 3) Reading goes to inmRNA a specific tRNA binds and ds, direction the building blocks of (UAC≠CAU) labeled 5’ amino acidsto mRNA tRNA binds and to 3’! amino acid amino acid amino acid Full names of a few amino acids: Ala: Alanine (A) Gly: Glycine (G) Arg: Arginine (R) Lys: Lysine (K) 2nd step: Translation! Transfert RNA! ! tRNA (transfert RNA) makes the connection between the code and the amino acid! -> it binds to a specific amino acid! -> it contains the anticodon that binds to the corresponding codon on mRNA! Phenylalanine Symbolic representation! of aa-tRNA! GAA -‐> an4codon CUU -‐> codon UUC in the right order (5’ to 3’) cognize cks of nd An4codon onbinds bindsto A mRNA 2nd step: Translation! Structure of tRNA! amino acid 2nd step: Translation - Ribosome! Protein synthesis is performed in ribosomes The three-dimensional structure of the ribosome was solved in atomic detail in 2000 Ribosome: complex of proteins and ribosomal RNA Animated protein translation! Case of a membrane protein translated on the endoplasmic reticulum! Source: Wikipedia Ribosomes are also translating at Institut d’Optique:! single ribosome observed by fluorescence microscopy! ! A.'/:$3&#/.;%/;.:&S&T:+&/'&/P:$.&(;3%4'3& A.$>".+&#/.;%/;.:2&#:U;:3%:&'(&">$3'&"%$<#& (.'>&8&/'&D&/:.>$3")& & G:%'3<".+&#/.;%/;.:#2&)'%")&".."3*:>:3/&,<;:& /'&P+<.'*:3&H'3<#1& V"$3&'3:#2&")-P"&P:)$%:#&"3<&!:/"&#P::/#&& & E:.4".+&#/.;%/;.:#2&*)'H")&07&".."3*:>:3/& <:W3:#&<'>"$3#&%'..:#-'3<$3*&/'&(;3%4'3#& & X;"/:.3".+&#/.;%/;.:&,('.&#'>:&-.'/:$3#& '3)+12&"##:>H)+&'(&#:=:.")&$<:34%")&-.'/:$3#&& @Y">-):2&/P:& J.::3& ?);'.:#%:3/& A.'/:$3&,J?A1&