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4 days til break Please put your things in the back & start the journal a.s.a.p. If we work hard the next two days, then Thursday will consist of a holiday themed application lesson… so be good! The Genetic Code: Transcription, Translation, Protein Synthesis The Genetic Code The DNA molecule, with its four nitrogenous code for bases, is the ____ proteins that are all _______ made in a cell. Genes are made of _____. DNA A gene is coded DNA instructions the _________________that controls the production of specific _________, proteins such as enzymes, structural proteins, oxygen-carrying proteins, etc. The Genetic Code The DNA inherited by an organism dictates the synthesis of certain proteins. Proteins are the link between genotype & phenotype. The proteins that are made will determine what traits show up in the offspring. Gene expression: The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. The expression of genes includes two stages: transcription and translation The Genetic Code Quick Talk How does the DNA of a human relate to the DNA of a mouse? to the DNA of an apple tree? to the DNA of a mosquito? From DNA to Protein 1. Proteins are made of building blocks called: amino acids. 20 different amino acids and ____ four 2. There are ___ different nucleotides (since there are four different nitrogenous bases). three nucleotides in 3. It was discovered that ______________ amino acid sequence must specify each __________. This would provide for ___ 64 possible combinations of amino acids. triplet of nucleotides is called a 4. Each ______ codon _______. From DNA to Protein amino acid When many 5. Each codon calls for a specific __________. amino acids are linked together a ______ protein is made. __________ instructions for making specific 6. Genes provide the __________ proteins, but a gene does not build a protein directly. The bridge between DNA and protein synthesis is: RNA Secret Language of RNA Quick Talk In what way/(s) is RNA like a secret language to create proteins from DNA? So, what is RNA? Differences Between DNA and RNA: • RNA is a single strand; DNA is a double strand. • The sugar in RNA is ribose; the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. • RNA has uracil that pairs with adenine; DNA has thymine that pairs with adenine. Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the “messenger” between the DNA in the nucleus and the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. message carried by • Transfer RNA (tRNA) reads the ________ mRNA and gathers the right ___________ amino acids for making _______ protein that _______. Amino acid will be attached here A cell keeps its cytoplasm stocked with all 20 amino acids. mRNA to the • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) binds the _______ tRNA to make everything work together. _______ Transcription 1. Transcription is the process of forming a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA. 2. This process occurs in the nucleus. 3. The cell must make RNA to send to the cytoplasm to tell the ribosomes how and which proteins to make. Transcription 4. The RNA molecule is a faithful copy of a gene’s protein building instructions. This type of RNA is called messenger RNA (mRNA). 5. RNA polymerase catalyzes this reaction. Quick Task Synthesize the appropriate mRNA strand from the DNA provided to model transcription. Make Good Choices Please put your things in the back & start the journal a.s.a.p. If we work hard today, then Thursday will consist of a holiday themed application lesson… so be good! Phones need to be out of sight. From Yesterday… transcription Translation translation • The synthesis of proteins is called ___________. The cell must translate the base sequence of an mRNA molecule into the __________ amino acid sequence of a ______ protein. protein synthesis occurs • The site of translation, or _________________, in the _________. ribosome The ribosome facilitates the orderly linking of amino acids into proteins. Ribosomes • Ribosomes consist of two subunits. – The large subunit has three binding sites for tRNA. – The small subunit binds to mRNA. Translation Steps - mRNA attaches to part of the ribosome, tRNA w/ first amino acid binds to start codon - tRNA brings a.a. to mRNA to create growing peptide chain - Stop codon in mRNA releases the polypeptide chain Language of RNA (recap) These three codons represent three different amino acids ___________. Quick Task From your chart of amino acids, determine the three amino acids coded for by these codons: UCGCACGGU UCG - CAC - GGU serine - histidine - glycine Overview of Protein Synthesis 1. In the nucleus, DNA transcribes RNA. 2. The RNA is sent to the cytoplasm in the form of mRNA. 3. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. 4. As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNA. The amino acids are lined up in the right order on the ribosome. 5. The ribosome hitches the amino acids together with peptide bonds and proteins are made. Recap Why it all matters… Genes are nothing more than instructions for building proteins. What do proteins have to do with the color of a flower, a human blood type, or dimples? The answer is…. EVERYTHING! The traits of any organism are the result of the proteins being built within the cells.