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How are animal proteins made from DNA? In a process called “_______ ___________” The Big Picture!! What are the differences between DNA and mRNA? • DNA • ______ ________ • Deoxyribose _____ • mRNA • ______ _____ • ______ sugar • Has uracil nucleotide in place of _________ There are two processes to protein synthesis!! • _________ • __________ DNA to mRNA (Messenger RNA). Takes place in the ________. mRNA to tRNA (Transfer RNA). Takes place in the _________ of the _________. Let’s see these two processes up close in steps!! What is “transcription?” • A part of the DNA double helix within the nucleus is ________, cut by _______, and then copied onto a new ______ ______, called mRNA. This process is called ___________.” • Once the DNA is transcribed, the single strand moves from the ______ to a ________ in the __________ of the cell. Thus the name, “messenger RNA.” Nitrogen Bases • You already learned that the nitrogen bases in DNA are: Adenine – ____________ ____________ – Cytosine • The Nitrogen bases in RNA are similar, but rather than Thymine, RNA contains a similar base called Uracil. Thus, the base pairs are: ________ - Uracil Guanine - __________ Step 1 of Protein Synthesis • DNA is copied in the process called “Transcription”. • One strand of the ____ _____ is used as a _________ to make “mRNA” (copy of the DNA section) during ____________. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway Let’s copy some DNA to mRNA!! 1. DNA strand ATCGGCATCATT 2. MRNA strand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. DNA strand ATGAAGGCGAAA MRNA strand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ REMEMBER: in mRNA, Uracil replaces Thymine Sample Question • A. • B. • C. • • • • UUGGCCGAUUGG TTGGCCGATTGC AACCGGCTAACC Which strand is ____ DNA STRAND 1 ____ DNA STRAND 2 ____ mRNA Now the message can be translated!! • A single strand of mRNA was just transcribed from DNA within the nucleus and now the code will be translated to make the specific protein within a ribosome in the cytoplasm!! • DNA strand • mRNA strand T__CA_TT__G__G_ __U__UA__A__C__CC What is the structure of the mRNA code? • Three mRNA nucleotides form a triplet code called a “______.” Each codon sequence will then code for a ____ with an anticodon with opposite nitrogen _____ . tRNA • Notice ___ anticodon at bottom of the ______ • Notice _____ ____ at the top of the tRNA Genetic code • There are ___combinations using the four mRNA nucleotides AUGC to code for ____ amino acids. Step 2 of Protein Synthesis • _______ is used to pair up with _____ to code for ______acids that form a _____ to make a specific ______ in a process called “translation.” What is “translation”? • A ________ binds mRNA to tRNA, which is ______ to specific amino acids as anticodons. • Each anticodon of ____ attaches to a codon on _____. An amino acid is attached to the top of a tRNA. • The _____ _____ bond together, forming a polypeptide chain that make a specific ______. Where does translation take place? • In ribosomes in the cell’s cytoplasm tRNA anticodon (UAC) binds mRNA at the START codon (AUG) to begin the translation message Each tRNA caries a specific amino acid. The amino acids bind together to make a polypeptide chain to make specific proteins. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway • At the end (stop codon), a release enzyme binds to a stop codon in the sequence. This stops translation, releasing the completed chain of protein. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway Complete the following code!! • • • • • DNA DNA mRNA tRNA A.A AT _ CGG _ _ _ TGG TAC _ _ _ CGT ACC ____________ _ _C G _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ ____ ____ ____=Protein – (Use the table to find the correct amino acid) How is this new animal protein used? • It may be used for: • _________ muscle, bone, hair • Cell __________ • ________ • Special __________ Big Picture in Action