Download Cellular Organization

By
Daniel Ramirez
Bio 490: Senior Seminar
 Scientist
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
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
of importance
Robert Hooke-1665
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck-1809
Henri Dutrochet-1824
Robert brown-1831
 Schleiden
(1838), Schwann (1829), Virchow
(1855)
 The Cell Doctrine
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All living things are made up of cells
Cells are units of structure and function
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
 Techniques
and methods important to
determining cell organization
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
Microscopy
Staining Techniques
Electron microscopy (1933)
 Cell
is composed of several different
functioning parts
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Parts are known as organelles
Organelles differ in function and shape
Prokaryotes : simplified organism with few
organelles
The outer membrane of the cell
 Found in all kingdoms of life
 Controls the movement of substances from
the outer matrix to the inner matrix of a cell
 It’s appearance described by a Fluid Mosaic
Model
 Some surrounded by a pellicle
 First
described by S.G. Singer and G.L.
Nicholson
 Double layer phospholipid membrane
 Many proteins imbedded in the membrane
 Animal cells also have a glycocalyx sugar
chain
 Cytosol
: A translucent fluid which permeates
throughout the cell
 Ribosomes :
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Synthesize proteins
No membrane unlike other organelles
 Rough
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ER (RER)
Associated with ribosome's
Area of protein synthesis and transport
 Smooth
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ER (SER)
Area of lipid production
Detox center
Adjacent to the SER

Responsible for
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Storage
Transportation
And a connection amongst organelles
 The
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 Has
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power house of a cell
sugars + O2 - - > ATP + CO2 + H2O
both an inner and outer membrane
Inner membrane folded into a form known as a
cristae
In the inner matrix it has mDNA and ribosomes
Endosymbiotic theory
 Formed

from the Golgi apparatus
The function is to break down material in the
cell
Lysosomes use hydrolytic enzymes
A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H
 Peroxisomes : similar function but use oxidative
enzymes

 Microtubules

Hollow and elongated made from :
 Alpha and Beta tubulin
 Many chains of tubulin make a microtubule
Flagella and cilia
• Microtubules organized in a specific way
and surrounded by a membrane
•Anchored by a basal body
 Centrioles
: similar in structure to basal body
and found on nucleus

Play a role in the formation of the spindle
apparatus
 Provides
structure to a cell and is formed by
three parts
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Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
 Vacuole:
Surrounded by a membrane known as a
tonoplast

A reservoir of water that is in a cell with other
material in the water as well
•Plastids: found in plant cells
•Provide color to plants and store starch for the
plant as well
•Chloroplasts :
 Nucleus
: surrounded by a porous double
membrane
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Cells brain
Controls the passage RNA into the cytosol
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Area of storage of chromosomes
Area of DNA replication and RNA synthesis as well
Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus

Synthesizes ribosome's
Compromised of a combination of cells
 Tissue differs depending on the organism
 Plant and animal tissue is especially specialized
 Plant

Tissue : Divided into two types
Meristematic

Permanent

The undifferentiated tissue
 Permanent
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tissue divided into 3 schemes
Lining :

Primarily in the outside of the plant and on the
epidermis
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Fundamental
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vascular
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Includes Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerechyma
 This
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includes both the xylem and the phloem
Differences are due to what they transfer
 Xylem : transfers water and is no longer
living during maturity
 Phloem : transfers many molecules including
glucose and some proteins
4
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types of animal tissue
Epithelial:
Densely packed cells on the surface usually
Consists of three types of cells
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Squamous , Cuboidal and Columnar
 Connective:
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Small number of cells but a lot of extracellular
matrix
Adds support and elasticity
 Nervous
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Found throughout the body
Consists of cells known as neurons
Various parts to the cell such as the axon and the
dendrites
Specialized neurons known as sensory neurons
 Muscle
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Coordinate movement
Three type of muscle tissue

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth
 Most

cells are very small
Largest, by volume, current single cell is an
ostrich egg
 Size
of the cell is constrained by many
factors
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These factors include growth rate
Energy limits
Restrictions to cellular signaling
 Movement
is determined by a factor known
as permeability

Determined by various things :

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Concentration gradients, and the membrane of the
cell
Movement against gradient known as active
transport
Facilitated movement
 To
allow large molecules to cross the
membrane a process known as endocytosis
must occur
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Exocytosis also occurs as well in the interior of a
cell
Pinocytosis : smaller molecules to large for
normal transfer
Phagocytosis – White blood cells or prokaryotic
cells
 Fried,
George and Hademos, George .
Schuam’s Outline of Biology. New York:
McGraw Hill, 2009