* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cellular Organization
Survey
Document related concepts
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
By Daniel Ramirez Bio 490: Senior Seminar Scientist of importance Robert Hooke-1665 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck-1809 Henri Dutrochet-1824 Robert brown-1831 Schleiden (1838), Schwann (1829), Virchow (1855) The Cell Doctrine All living things are made up of cells Cells are units of structure and function All cells arise from pre-existing cells Techniques and methods important to determining cell organization Microscopy Staining Techniques Electron microscopy (1933) Cell is composed of several different functioning parts Parts are known as organelles Organelles differ in function and shape Prokaryotes : simplified organism with few organelles The outer membrane of the cell Found in all kingdoms of life Controls the movement of substances from the outer matrix to the inner matrix of a cell It’s appearance described by a Fluid Mosaic Model Some surrounded by a pellicle First described by S.G. Singer and G.L. Nicholson Double layer phospholipid membrane Many proteins imbedded in the membrane Animal cells also have a glycocalyx sugar chain Cytosol : A translucent fluid which permeates throughout the cell Ribosomes : Synthesize proteins No membrane unlike other organelles Rough ER (RER) Associated with ribosome's Area of protein synthesis and transport Smooth ER (SER) Area of lipid production Detox center Adjacent to the SER Responsible for Storage Transportation And a connection amongst organelles The Has power house of a cell sugars + O2 - - > ATP + CO2 + H2O both an inner and outer membrane Inner membrane folded into a form known as a cristae In the inner matrix it has mDNA and ribosomes Endosymbiotic theory Formed from the Golgi apparatus The function is to break down material in the cell Lysosomes use hydrolytic enzymes A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H Peroxisomes : similar function but use oxidative enzymes Microtubules Hollow and elongated made from : Alpha and Beta tubulin Many chains of tubulin make a microtubule Flagella and cilia • Microtubules organized in a specific way and surrounded by a membrane •Anchored by a basal body Centrioles : similar in structure to basal body and found on nucleus Play a role in the formation of the spindle apparatus Provides structure to a cell and is formed by three parts Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Vacuole: Surrounded by a membrane known as a tonoplast A reservoir of water that is in a cell with other material in the water as well •Plastids: found in plant cells •Provide color to plants and store starch for the plant as well •Chloroplasts : Nucleus : surrounded by a porous double membrane Cells brain Controls the passage RNA into the cytosol Area of storage of chromosomes Area of DNA replication and RNA synthesis as well Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus Synthesizes ribosome's Compromised of a combination of cells Tissue differs depending on the organism Plant and animal tissue is especially specialized Plant Tissue : Divided into two types Meristematic Permanent The undifferentiated tissue Permanent tissue divided into 3 schemes Lining : Primarily in the outside of the plant and on the epidermis Fundamental vascular Includes Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerechyma This includes both the xylem and the phloem Differences are due to what they transfer Xylem : transfers water and is no longer living during maturity Phloem : transfers many molecules including glucose and some proteins 4 types of animal tissue Epithelial: Densely packed cells on the surface usually Consists of three types of cells Squamous , Cuboidal and Columnar Connective: Small number of cells but a lot of extracellular matrix Adds support and elasticity Nervous Found throughout the body Consists of cells known as neurons Various parts to the cell such as the axon and the dendrites Specialized neurons known as sensory neurons Muscle Coordinate movement Three type of muscle tissue Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth Most cells are very small Largest, by volume, current single cell is an ostrich egg Size of the cell is constrained by many factors These factors include growth rate Energy limits Restrictions to cellular signaling Movement is determined by a factor known as permeability Determined by various things : Concentration gradients, and the membrane of the cell Movement against gradient known as active transport Facilitated movement To allow large molecules to cross the membrane a process known as endocytosis must occur Exocytosis also occurs as well in the interior of a cell Pinocytosis : smaller molecules to large for normal transfer Phagocytosis – White blood cells or prokaryotic cells Fried, George and Hademos, George . Schuam’s Outline of Biology. New York: McGraw Hill, 2009