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Matching Match each term with its description. 7. lipid bilayer [p.56] a. These molecules of two adjoining cells match up, 8. fluid mosaic model [p.56] 9. “mosaic” [p.56] 10. fluid [p, ] 56 forming a direct channel between their cvtoplasms b. Channels across a membrane; solutes diffuse through the channel to the other side where they are more concentrated c. Reflects the mixed composition of cell membranes d. Like molecular fingerprints; identify each cell as self vs. nonseif e. Structural basis of every cell membrane f. A membrane property caused by motions and interactions of its components g. Pump specific solutes across a membrane to the side where they are more concentrated h. A mix of phospholipids, hlvco1ipids, sterols, and 11. adhesion proteins [p.56] 12. communication proteins [p.56] 13. receptor proteins [p.57] 14. reconition proteins [p.57] 15, passive transporters [p.57] 16. active transporters [p.57j protems i. j. outside signals that can make a cell change its activities Project outward from plasma membranes of multicelled especially; help cells the Docks for or substances species type stick together in of proper same tissues 4.4. INTRODUCING PROKARYOTIC CELLS [pp.58-59] 4.5. INTRODUCING EUKARYOTIC CELLS [pp.60-61] Selected Words: histones [pS8], semirigid or rigid wall [pS8], simple internal “skeleton” [p.59], sticky polysaccharides [p.59], thick protective capsule [p.59], bacterial flagella [p.59], ribosomes [p.59], nucieoid [p.59], one molecule of DNA [p.59], forerunners of chioroplasts [p.59], cytoskeleton [p.60], mitochondria and chloroplasts [p. O], enzymes in lvsosomes [p.60], secretori pathway [p. 6 O], Golgi bodies [p.60], t’iidoctjtic 6 pathway 6 [p. 0 ] Boldfaced Terms [p60] organelles Choice Choose from these cell categories: L’. L1I’a1YOL I. An internal cytoskeleton of proteins [p.60] 2. Two domains are recognized, archaea and eubacteria [p.58] Most cells are not much wider than one micrometer; rod-shaped species are at most a few micrometers long [p.58] 4. They begin life with organdIes [p.60] How Cells Are Put Together 41 ________ ______ ______ _______ ______ ______ [p.58] 5. A few histones interact with DNA 6. Rihosomes, a nucleoid, one molecule of circular DNA, and some have plasmids [p59] 7. Extensive internal skeleton of proteins called a cvtoskeleton [p.60] 8. Mitochondria and chioroplasts concentrate hydrogen ions in ways that form ATP molecules [p.60] 9. Structurally, the simplest cells [p.581 10. Secretory pathways involving ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies, and plasma membrane [p.60] 11. Sticky polysaccharides often envelop cell walls, thick protective capsule of jellylike poivsaccha rides around cell walls, and motile flagella lack microtubules [p.59] 12. The cytoplasm of some species holds smaller circles of DNA, the plasmids [p59] 13. Enzymes in lysosomes digest large organic compounds [p.601 14. Endocytic pathways involving vesicles to move substances [p.60] 15. Photosynthesis proceeds at the plasma membrane in many species [p.59] 4.6. THE NUCLEUS [p.61] Selected Words: duplicated DNA molecules [p.61], nucleolus (plural, nucleoli) [p.61], small subunits of ribosomes [p. l] 6 Boldfaced Terms [p.61] chromosome [p.61] chromatin [p.61] nuclear envelope Short Answer 1. List the two major functions of the nucleus, [p.61] 42 Chapter Four _____ ________ _________ Complete the Table 2. Complete this table about the eukaryotic nucleus by entering the name of each nuclear component described, [p.61] Nuclear Component Description a. A construction site where large and small submits of ribosomes are assembled from DNA and proteins b. Consists of two lipid bilayers studded with proteins; many of the proteins are organized in complexes that form pores across the envelope c. The name for the collection DNA molecules and proteins in any nucleus of a prokaryotic cell d. Semifluid interior of the nucleus One DNA molecule, along with the many histones and other protein molecules attached to it 4J. THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM [pp.62-63j Selected Words: rough ER [p.62], smooth ER [p.62] Boldfaced Terms [p62] endoplasmic reticulum, or ER [p62] Colgi bsdies [p.63] peroxisomes [p63] central vacuole Multiple Choice 1 When patches of FR membrane bulge and break away as vesicles, they fuse with a rough FR 2. ], 62 [p, b. smooth ER Some vesicles fuse to form a(n) a. peroxisome b. Golgi body c. lysosomes d. Golgi bodies of mature plant cells c central vacuole [p.63] d. lvsosome How Cells Are Put Together 43 3. is ribosomefree and produces lipid molecules that become part of cell membranes. [p. j 62 d. Sarcoplasmic reticulum c Any ER channel b. Smooth ER a. Rough ER 4. Newly formed polypeptide chains enter 1 62 [p. b. any ER channel a smooth ER or become inserted into its membrane. plays a role in muscle contraction. [p.62] One type of smooth ER called a. rough ER 6. c. a central i d. sarcoplasmic reticulum acuole — h. central vacuoles c. Goigi bodies d. ivsosomes Vesic.Jes that hold enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids are known [p.63] as a. peroxisome 8. h. a Golgi body bud from Golgi bodies and contain enzymes that digest Vesicles called ] 3 acids, and lipids. [p6 nucleic proteins, s, carbohydrate a. peroxisomes 7, d a peroxisome c. rough ER b. central vacuoles c. Golgi bodies Enzymes in the rough FR chanrd often rlLodity a. carbohydrate b. fatty acid c. polvpeptide d. lysosomes chains into fmal form. [p 62] d. nucleic acid The finished products from Goli bodies are packaged in vesicles for shipment t ] 62 .[p d. smooth ER c. rough ER h. lvsosomes a. puroxisomes 10. 1 Iattcned sacs and tubes with ribosomcs attached to their outer surface are known as[p62I a. Goigi bodies h central i acuoles c. rough ER d. smooth ER 48, MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS [p.64] 4,9. VISUAL SUMMARY OF EUKARYOTIC CELL COMPONENTS [p.65] Selected Words: inner compartment [p.64], outer compartment [p.64], stroma [p.64], thvlakoid membrane ] 64 ], chlorophviis [p. 64 [p. Boldfaced Terms [p 64] initochnndrion (plural, mito.hondrla) 1 chioronlasts [p.i 4 5 44 Chapter Fo ii Choice For questions 1—10, choose from the following: [p.641 a. mitochondria b. chioroplasts c. both mitochondria and chioroplasts Occur only in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells 1. 2. 3. Make far more ATP from the same compounds than prokaryotic cells Hydrogen ions released from the breakdown of organic compounds accum ulate in the inner compartment by operation of transport systems 4. A muscle cell might have a thousand or more 5. Use sunlight energy to form ATP and NADPH, which in turn are used in sugar-producing reactions 6. ATP-forming reactions require oxygen 7. Two outer membranes surround the stroma, a semifluid interior that bathes an inner membrane Resemble bacteria in their size, structure, and biochemistry 8. 9. Oxygen accepts the spent electrons and keeps the reactions going A single membrane often is folded up as thylakoids, which are stacks of flatten ed disk-shapes 10. Identification Identify each lettered organelle in the diagrams. (Organelles found in both plant and animal cells will have two letters.) [p. ] 65 11. central vacuole 12. lysosome 13. -______ nucleus 14. Golgi body 15. chioroplast 16. plasma membrane 17. nucleolus 18. smooth ER 19. mitoch ondrion 20. rough ER 21. plasmodesma 22. cytoskeleton 23. centrioles 24. cell wall 25. nuclear envelope 26. DNA in nucleoplasm How Cells Are Put Together 45 IC —-b -c • - microtubules — — - mumen 4 1 —— — I ), -— - — -- U -- vs efl -— e -- j -h ——- r t m a microtubules TE0_ 4 S S S — —•1 n I‘I // S —-—p —q —r .1 r - i-s t -U r _Jfl- - V x — 46 Chapter Four — - —w ______ ______ ______ Matching Match each term with its description. 1. cell 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus 4. nucleoid 5. plasma membrane 6. ribosomes a. A thin, outermost membrane that maintains a cell as a distinct entity b. In cells, everything between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA c. Structures on which proteins are built d. The smallest umt with the properties of life e. A membrane-bounded sac occupied by DNA f. Region where DNA is found inside the simplest kinds of cells . . . Short Answer 7. Explain how the concept of “surface-to-volume ratio” affects the size and shape of cells. [pp.52.—53]