Download 4.4. INTRODUCING PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Matching
Match each term with its description.
7.
lipid bilayer [p.56]
a. These molecules of two adjoining cells match up,
8.
fluid mosaic model [p.56]
9.
“mosaic” [p.56]
10.
fluid [p,
]
56
forming a direct channel between their cvtoplasms
b. Channels across a membrane; solutes diffuse through
the channel to the other side where they are more
concentrated
c. Reflects the mixed composition of cell membranes
d. Like molecular fingerprints; identify each cell as
self vs. nonseif
e. Structural basis of every cell membrane
f. A membrane property caused by motions and
interactions of its components
g. Pump specific solutes across a membrane to the side
where they are more concentrated
h. A mix of phospholipids, hlvco1ipids, sterols, and
11.
adhesion proteins [p.56]
12.
communication proteins [p.56]
13.
receptor proteins [p.57]
14.
reconition proteins [p.57]
15,
passive transporters [p.57]
16.
active
transporters
[p.57j
protems
i.
j.
outside signals
that can make
a cell change its activities
Project outward from plasma membranes of
multicelled
especially; help cells
the
Docks
for
or
substances
species
type
stick
together in
of
proper
same
tissues
4.4. INTRODUCING PROKARYOTIC CELLS [pp.58-59]
4.5. INTRODUCING EUKARYOTIC CELLS [pp.60-61]
Selected Words: histones [pS8], semirigid or rigid wall [pS8], simple internal “skeleton” [p.59], sticky
polysaccharides [p.59], thick protective capsule [p.59], bacterial flagella [p.59], ribosomes [p.59], nucieoid
[p.59], one molecule of DNA [p.59], forerunners of chioroplasts [p.59], cytoskeleton [p.60], mitochondria
and chloroplasts [p.
O], enzymes in lvsosomes [p.60], secretori pathway [p.
6
O], Golgi bodies [p.60], t’iidoctjtic
6
pathway 6
[p.
0
]
Boldfaced Terms
[p60] organelles
Choice
Choose from these cell categories:
L’.
L1I’a1YOL
I.
An internal cytoskeleton of proteins [p.60]
2.
Two domains are recognized, archaea and eubacteria [p.58]
Most cells are not much wider than one micrometer; rod-shaped species are at most a few
micrometers long [p.58]
4.
They begin life with organdIes [p.60]
How Cells Are Put Together 41
________
______
______
_______
______
______
[p.58]
5.
A few histones interact with DNA
6.
Rihosomes, a nucleoid, one molecule of circular DNA, and some have plasmids [p59]
7.
Extensive internal skeleton of proteins called a cvtoskeleton [p.60]
8.
Mitochondria and chioroplasts concentrate hydrogen ions in ways that form ATP molecules
[p.60]
9.
Structurally, the simplest cells [p.581
10.
Secretory pathways involving ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies, and plasma membrane [p.60]
11.
Sticky polysaccharides often envelop cell walls, thick protective capsule of jellylike poivsaccha
rides around cell walls, and motile flagella lack microtubules [p.59]
12.
The cytoplasm of some species holds smaller circles of DNA, the plasmids [p59]
13.
Enzymes in lysosomes digest large organic compounds [p.601
14.
Endocytic pathways involving vesicles to move substances [p.60]
15.
Photosynthesis proceeds at the plasma membrane in many species [p.59]
4.6. THE NUCLEUS
[p.61]
Selected Words: duplicated DNA molecules [p.61], nucleolus (plural, nucleoli) [p.61], small subunits of
ribosomes [p.
l]
6
Boldfaced Terms
[p.61] chromosome
[p.61] chromatin
[p.61] nuclear envelope
Short Answer
1. List the two major functions of the nucleus, [p.61]
42
Chapter Four
_____
________
_________
Complete the Table
2. Complete this table about the eukaryotic nucleus by entering the name of each nuclear component
described, [p.61]
Nuclear Component
Description
a.
A construction site where large and small submits of ribosomes are assembled
from DNA and proteins
b.
Consists of two lipid bilayers studded with proteins; many of the proteins are
organized in complexes that form pores across the envelope
c.
The name for the collection DNA molecules and proteins in any nucleus of a
prokaryotic cell
d.
Semifluid interior of the nucleus
One DNA molecule, along with the many histones and other protein molecules
attached to it
4J.
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM [pp.62-63j
Selected Words: rough ER [p.62], smooth ER [p.62]
Boldfaced Terms
[p62] endoplasmic reticulum, or ER
[p62] Colgi bsdies
[p.63] peroxisomes
[p63]
central
vacuole
Multiple Choice
1
When patches of FR membrane bulge and break away as vesicles, they fuse
with
a rough FR
2.
],
62
[p,
b. smooth ER
Some vesicles fuse to form a(n)
a. peroxisome
b. Golgi body
c. lysosomes
d. Golgi bodies
of mature plant cells
c central vacuole
[p.63]
d. lvsosome
How Cells Are Put Together 43
3.
is ribosomefree and produces lipid molecules that become part of cell
membranes. [p.
j
62
d. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
c Any ER channel
b. Smooth ER
a. Rough ER
4.
Newly formed polypeptide chains enter
1
62
[p.
b. any ER channel
a smooth ER
or become inserted into its membrane.
plays a role in muscle contraction. [p.62]
One type of smooth ER called
a. rough ER
6.
c. a central
i
d. sarcoplasmic reticulum
acuole
—
h. central vacuoles
c. Goigi bodies
d. ivsosomes
Vesic.Jes that hold enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids are known
[p.63]
as
a. peroxisome
8.
h. a Golgi body
bud from Golgi bodies and contain enzymes that digest
Vesicles called
]
3
acids, and lipids. [p6
nucleic
proteins,
s,
carbohydrate
a. peroxisomes
7,
d a peroxisome
c. rough ER
b. central vacuoles
c. Golgi bodies
Enzymes in the rough FR chanrd often rlLodity
a. carbohydrate
b. fatty acid
c. polvpeptide
d. lysosomes
chains into fmal form. [p 62]
d. nucleic acid
The finished products from Goli bodies are packaged in vesicles for shipment
t
]
62
.[p
d. smooth ER
c. rough ER
h. lvsosomes
a. puroxisomes
10.
1 Iattcned sacs and tubes with ribosomcs attached to their outer surface are known
as[p62I
a. Goigi bodies
h central
i
acuoles
c. rough ER
d. smooth ER
48, MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS [p.64]
4,9. VISUAL SUMMARY OF EUKARYOTIC CELL COMPONENTS [p.65]
Selected Words:
inner compartment [p.64], outer compartment [p.64], stroma [p.64], thvlakoid membrane
]
64
], chlorophviis [p.
64
[p.
Boldfaced Terms
[p 64] initochnndrion (plural, mito.hondrla)
1 chioronlasts
[p.i
4
5
44
Chapter Fo
ii
Choice
For questions 1—10, choose from the following: [p.641
a. mitochondria
b. chioroplasts
c. both mitochondria and chioroplasts
Occur only in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells
1.
2.
3.
Make far more ATP from the same compounds than prokaryotic cells
Hydrogen ions released from the breakdown of organic compounds accum
ulate in the inner
compartment by operation of transport systems
4.
A muscle cell might have a thousand or more
5.
Use sunlight energy to form ATP and NADPH, which in turn are used
in sugar-producing
reactions
6.
ATP-forming reactions require oxygen
7.
Two outer membranes surround the stroma, a semifluid interior that bathes
an inner membrane
Resemble bacteria in their size, structure, and biochemistry
8.
9.
Oxygen accepts the spent electrons and keeps the reactions going
A single membrane often is folded up as thylakoids, which are stacks of flatten
ed disk-shapes
10.
Identification
Identify each lettered organelle in the diagrams. (Organelles found in
both plant and animal cells will have
two letters.) [p.
]
65
11.
central vacuole
12.
lysosome
13.
-______
nucleus
14.
Golgi body
15.
chioroplast
16.
plasma membrane
17.
nucleolus
18.
smooth ER
19.
mitoch ondrion
20.
rough ER
21.
plasmodesma
22.
cytoskeleton
23.
centrioles
24.
cell wall
25.
nuclear envelope
26.
DNA in nucleoplasm
How Cells Are Put Together 45
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46 Chapter Four
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______
______
______
Matching
Match each term with its description.
1.
cell
2.
cytoplasm
3.
nucleus
4.
nucleoid
5.
plasma membrane
6.
ribosomes
a. A thin, outermost membrane that maintains a cell as a distinct
entity
b. In cells, everything between the plasma membrane and the
region of DNA
c. Structures on which proteins are built
d. The smallest umt with the properties of life
e. A membrane-bounded sac occupied by DNA
f. Region where DNA is found inside the simplest kinds of cells
.
.
.
Short Answer
7. Explain how the concept of “surface-to-volume ratio” affects the size and shape of cells. [pp.52.—53]