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PETER PAZMANY SEMMELWEIS CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology www.itk.ppke.hu BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY Neurobiológia alapjai CELL ORGANELLES I. (Sejtalkotók I.) ZSOLT LIPOSITS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES OF THE ANIMAL CELLS 11/25/2011. CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM CELL NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM GOLGI APPARATUS TRANSPORT VESICLES LYSOSOMES MITOCHONDRION CYTOSKELETON CILIUM CENTRIOLUM TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu THE CELL MEMBRANE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE STRUCTURE OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULE, AMPHIPATHIC CHARACTER THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER INNER MEMBRANE PROTEINS SURFACE PROTEINS TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS FREEZE-FRACTRURE IMAGE OF THE MEMBRANE, P AND E FACES 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles I. www.itk.ppke.hu CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED PART OF THE CELL HOSTING THE CELL ORGANELLES IT IS A GEL THAT MAKES UP 70% OF THE WHOLE CELL VOLUME CONTAINS WATER, INORGANIC SALTS AND ORGANIC MOLECULES THE CYTOSKELETON IS EMBEDDED, THE ORGANELLES ARE SUSPENDED IN IT SITE OF METABOLIC ACTIONS, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND CELL DIVISION GIVES A PLASTIC CHARACTER TO THE CELL IN CONVENTIONAL HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IT SHOWS EOSINOPHYLIA IN SLICE PREPARATION ITS HARVESTING IS POSSIBLE FOR MOLECULAR ANALYSIS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu TRANSPORT ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANES PASSIVE DIFFUSION CONCENTRATION GRADIENT DEPENDENT, ALCOHOL, GASES FACILITATED DIFFUSION PASSIVE, REQUIRES TRANSPORTERS, GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP), OPERATES AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS UTILIZES TRANSMEMBRANE CHANNELS, SODIUM/POTASSIUM PUMP BULK TRANSPORT ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS PHAGOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSIS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu CELL NUCLEUS NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DOUBLE MEMBRANE LAYER, CONTINUOUS WITH ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM NUCLEAR PORES HOLES IN THE DOUBLE MEMBRANE, NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX, REGULATES TRAFFICKING BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM (MACROMOLECULES, RNA) NUCLEAR MATRIX DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID), GENETIC CODE, EU- AND HETEROCHROMATIN RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA), TRANSFER, MESSENGER AND RIBOSOMAL NUCLEOPROTEINS, HISTONE- AND NON-HISTONE TYPES, REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION BARR BODY, FEMALE SEX-CHROMOSOME STORAGE OF GENETIC INFORMATION, THE HUMAN GENOME, TRANSCRIPTION 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu NUCLEOLI ONE OR TWO SPHERICAL STRUCTURES LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE COVER PROMINENT IN CELLS UNDER INTENSE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DEVELOPS AT NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZING REGIONS (ribosomal RNA genes) STRUCTURALLY ORGANIZED IN FIBRILLAR CENTERS (FC), DENSE FIBRILLAR COMPONENT (DFC) AND GRANULAR COMPONENTS (GC) PRODUCE RIBOSOMAL RNAs THAT ARE CONJUGATED WITH RIBOPROTEINS IN ORDER TO MAKE RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER) A LABYRINTHINE COMPLEX MEMBRANE STRUCTURE COMPOSED BY TUBULES, VESICLES AND FLATTENED SACS RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE PARALLELLY ORIENTED SACS DUE TO ITS HIGH RIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT IT SHOWS AN INTENSE BASOPHYLIA IN NEURONS, THE RER PATCHES ARE CALLED NISSL-BODIES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TAKES PLACES AT THE RIBOSOMES OF THE OUTER SURFACE NEWLY SYNTHESIZED PROTEINS GET INTO THE LUMEN OF THE MEMBRANE SACKS IN CELLULAR HYPERTROPHY, RER BECOMES DOMINANT IN THE CYTOPLASM 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER) IRREGULAR NETWORK OF MEMBRANOUS TUBULES AND VESICLES IN CONTRAST TO RER, IT DOES NOT CARRY RIBOSOMES CONTINUOUS WITH THE RER SYSTEM AND LINKED TO THE GOLGI SYSTEM SER TAKES PART IN LIPID SYNTHESIS, GLYCOGEN METABOLISM, BRAKE DOWN OF METABOLITES AND DETOXIFICATION STORES AND RELEASES CALCIUM IN EXCITABLE TISSUES (MUSCLE, NERVOUS TISSUE) ABUNDANT IN LIVER CELLS AND STEROID-SYNTHESIZING ENDOCRINE CELLS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. I. www.itk.ppke.hu ULTRASTRUCTURAL DETAILS OF ORGANELLES 6 4 5 2 7 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. NUCLEUS NUCLEAR MEMBRANE ROUGH ER GOLGI-APPARATUS MITOCHONDRION LYSOSOME CYTOPLASM 1 11/25/2011. TÁMOP – 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12