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Genetics, DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Human body cells contain _____ Chromosomes / 46 A gene is a section of a / chromosome Each chromosome may have thousands of / Genes on it Genes are located on the chromosomes are made of / DNA DNA is large molecule (polymer) made of small repeating units called / Nucleotides A nucleotide is made of three parts / A phosphate, a deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), and a nitrogen base 7. There are 4 different types of bases so there are 4 types of nucleotides / A,T,C,G 8. A DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder or spiral staircase / Double Helix 9. The sides of the ladder are made of the / Phosphate & Deoxyribose 10. Each step of the ladder are made up of / two matching bases (one base pair) 11. In DNA the bases always pair / A-T , C-G 12. What part of the DNA contains the genetic code / Our genetic code is in the sequence of bases in our DNA 13. During DNA replication the DNA unzips between the / Nitrogen bases 14. Our Genes are really instructions to make / Proteins 15. The process of making proteins is called / Protein Synthesis 16. Proteins are large molecules made of / Amino Acids 17. So the sequence of bases in our DNA determines the sequence of / Amino acids in a protein 18. Usually a gene is the code or instruction for making one / Protein 19. Protein synthesis occurs at the / Ribosome 20. DNA can’t leave the nucleus so / mRNA copies the genetic code and brings it to ribosome 21. 3 ways RNA is different then DNA / 1. RNA is single stranded, 2. The sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose, 3. U instead of T 22. Every 3 base sequence in of mRNA is called a codon and codes for / One amino acid 23. The amino acids are brought from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes one at a time by a transfer molecule called / tRNA 24. The tRNA has a 3 base ___________ that matches up with the 3 base ___________ on the mRNA / anticodon & codon 25. The amino acids are put together in a long chain to make a / Protein 26. So a gene is a piece of DNA that codes for the synthesis of a / Protein 27. Sometimes errors occur when chromosomes replicate causing a change in the DNA sequence / Mutation 28. What can cause mutations / radiation and chemicals 29. How could a mutation affect protein synthesis / Could change the order of amino acids and cause a different protein to be made 30. The environment can influence the expression of genes an example is / Light and plants, Temperature and Himalayan Rabbit, Identical twins in different environments 31. If all cells are genetically identical how does differentiation occur / different genes are expressed (turned on) in different cells 32. A type of genetic engineering where a human gene is spliced into a bacterial DNA / Recombinant DNA or Gene Splicing 33. An example of a hormone produced by recombinant DNA / Insulin 34. When humans breed plants or animals with desirable characteristics to produce offspring with those traits / Selective Breeding or Artificial Selection 35. Removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of a body cell to produce an exact copy of one parent / Cloning