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CHAPTER REVIEW
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking
25. The cell theory depended on the
invention of microscopes that
allowed scientists to see cells.
26. Eukaryotic cells contain everything a
prokaryotic cell contains and more,
suggesting that these characteristics
developed over time. The presence
of mitochondria and chloroplasts,
which have their own DNA and
membranes, suggests that these
organelles descended from prokaryotes that were engulfed by a larger
cell.
27. The ER manufactures more phospholipid membrane.
28. Vesicles are used for temporary
transport and storage. Vacuoles tend
to be more permanent features of a
cell.
29. Only cells with the proper receptors
will respond to a specific ligand.
30. Sample Answer: Transporting
proteins and removing wastes.
31. Like active transport, facilitated
diffusion requires membrane
proteins. Like passive transport,
facilitated diffusion occurs down a
concentration gradient and does not
require energy.
Interpreting Visuals
32. Protein synthesis and secretion. We
see the vesicle-wrapped proteins
leaving the ribosomes and ER, getting
processed and repackaged in the
Golgi apparatus, and being released
by exocytosis.
33. The cell would run out of the
amino acids needed for protein
synthesis.
34. They must be the same or very
similar in order to fuse.
25. Summarize How was the development of cell theory
closely tied to advancements in technology?
27. Synthesize If vesicles are almost constantly pinching off
from the ER to carry proteins to the Golgi apparatus,
why does the ER not shrink and finally disappear?
Use the text and table below to answer the next three
questions. Reactive oxygen species, or ROS, are clusters
of highly reactive oxygen atoms that can damage the
body. As people age, the amount of ROS in the body
increases, causing a condition called oxidative stress.
In one study, researchers studied how the number of
mitochondria might be involved in this situation.
28. Compare and Contrast You know that both vesicles
and vacuoles are hollow compartments used for storage.
How do they differ in function?
• Muscle tissue was obtained from patients.
• Radioactive probes labeled the mitochondria.
• A machine counted the mitochondria per cell.
26. Analyze What structural differences suggest that
eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells?
29. Infer When cells release ligands, they are sent through
the blood stream to every area of the body. Why do
you think that only certain types of cells will respond to
a particular ligand?
30. Provide Examples What are two ways in which
exocytosis might help a cell maintain homeostasis?
31. Compare How is facilitated diffusion similar to both
passive transport and active transport?
Interpreting Visuals
Use the diagram to answer the next three questions.
Patient
Age
Mitochondria per Muscle Cell
1
47
2026
2
89
2987
3
65
2752
4
38
1989
35. Apply If the independent variable in this study is age,
what is the operational definition of the dependent
variable?
37. Infer What might the relationship between age and
number of mitochondria indicate about the increase in
ROS levels?
Connecting
32. Apply What process is occurring in the diagram,
and how do you know?
33. Predict If the transport proteins that carry amino acids
into this cell stopped working, how might the process
shown be affected?
34. Infer What might you conclude about the membrane
structure of the final vesicle and the cell membrane?
CONCEPTS
38. Write an Analogy The cell membrane regulates what
can enter and exit a cell. In eukaryotes, it encloses a
complex group of organelles that carry out special jobs.
Make an analogy to describe the cell membrane and the
variety of organelles and processes that take place inside
it. Explain any limitations of your analogy.
39. Connect On page 69 of this chapter, you saw a picture
of macrophages eating up bacteria. Identify the ways in
which the cytoskeleton helps the macrophage carry out
this job.
96 Unit 2: Cells
35. The number of radioactive-labeled
mitochondria per muscle cells of different
ages, as counted by machine.
36. As people age, the number of mitochondria
per muscle cell increases.
Unit 2: Cells
AGE AND MUSCLE CELL MITOCHONDRIA
36. Analyze What do the data show about the relationship
between age and number of mitochondria?
Analyzing Data
96
Analyzing Data
37. Sample Answer: As people age, ROS
levels might increase because there are more
mitochondria. It is possible that the mitochondria make ROS as a byproduct.
CHAPTER REVIEW
For more test practice,
go to ClassZone.com.
1. The cell theory states that the cell is the most
basic unit of life, all organisms are made of cells,
and all cells come from cells. What makes the
cell theory a scientific theory?
A It is based on a scientific publication that is
read by scientists worldwide.
B It is based on the work of many scientists and
leads to accurate predictions.
C It is based on ideas that have been proven true
and that are not subject to revision.
D It is based on preliminary evidence but still
needs to be confirmed with experiments.
4. Some viruses attack cells by inserting their own
DNA into the host cells’ DNA. Why might it be
simpler for these viruses to attack prokaryotic
cells than eukaryotic cells?
A Prokaryotic cells have less DNA than do
eukaryotic cells.
B Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do
not have a nucleus.
C The cell wall in prokaryotic cells is a less
effective barrier.
D The rapid growth of prokaryotic cells generates
more virus.
2.
5. Which of the following is a function of the
Golgi apparatus?
A storing genetic information
B recycling waste products of the cell
C providing a protective barrier
D processing and storing proteins
Molecule Concentration Outside and Inside a Cell
entering cell
HIGH
6.
Outside
concentration
This graph shows that as the concentration of
molecules increases outside of a cell, more and
more molecules enter the cell. These molecules
are able to enter the cell because the
A molecules are polar.
B cytoplasm is warm.
C cell membrane is semipermeable.
D nucleus is regulating movement.
THINK THROUGH THE QUESTION
Which answer choice explains why molecules can
enter a cell?
3. Which of the following pairs incorrectly
matches a cell structure with its function?
A cell membrane: protein synthesis
B nucleus: information (DNA) storage
C vacuole: storage
D chloroplast: energy conversion
38. An analogy that could work in this case
would compare a cell to a city that has
various industries, modes of transport, and a
defined but permeable border. The cell
nucleus could be compared to a city
government. A limitation of this analogy
would be that industries may be able to
function or produce their products without
instruction or material from the government.
4. B
2. C
5. D
3. A
6. D
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Skeletal
muscle
Skin
Liver
The graph shows the number of mitochondria
per cell for different cell types. Which statement
bestt explains these data?
A The number of mitochondria in the skin will
increase if the number in the liver decreases.
B The liver requires the greatest amount of
energy per cell.
C The skeletal muscle was taken from a very
active athlete.
D The skin requires the least amount of energy
per cell.
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
Connecting Concepts
1. B
Number of Mitochondria in Different Cell Types
HIGH
Mitochondria
per cell
LOW
Standards-Based
Assessment
97
39. The cytoskeleton enables macrophages to
move and capture the bacteria.
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
97