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Transcript
Pseudopod Cilia Flagellum Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cell Surface Transport Proteins Active Transport What it’s made of: cell membrane Where it is found: cell surface/ cell membrane When it is used: when there are particles nearby to consume, or when the cell must move. Why/ its function: It can grab and move objects, or pull the cell itself around for locomotion. How it works: A protein skeleton beneath the cell membrane can be assembled to push and pull the membrane into new shapes. What it’s made of: proteins on the surface of the cell Where it is found: cell membrane surface When it is used: when a cell needs to push against a fluid Why/ its function: to sweep fluid past a cell, or a cell through a fluid How it works: the cilia can sweep back and forth to push against external fluids What it’s made of: A long protein chain connected at its base to a “motor” in the cell membrane. Where it is found: On the cell membrane When it is used: when fast motion is necessary Why/ its function: By spinning, it pushes against fluids to move a cell. How it works: it is always spinning, but an increase in “cellular fuel” can make it spin faster, pushing against fluids to force the cell forward. What it’s made of: A tough mix of sugars/carbohydrates and proteins. Where it is found: Outside of the cell membrane When it is used: Always present in organisms that have one Why/ its function: To give the cell shape and structure, and to limit what enters and exits the cell. How it works: The cross-linked sugars and proteins forma dense wall to prevent water and other substances from passing through it. What it’s made of: A semi-permeable layer of water-loving phosphate facing the inside and outside of the cell, with a water-hating inner layer of fats. Where it is found: Surrounding the cell When it is used: Always Why/ its function: To protect the cell, contain the cell, and filter what enters/leaves the cell. How it works: The chemical structure of the cell membrane and embedded proteins limit what can pass through the cell membrane easily. What it’s made of: Proteins Where it is found: Stuck in the cell membrane, usually sticking out on one or both sides into the inside or outside of the cell. When it is used: When materials on one side of the cell membrane need to be moved to the other side. Why/ its function: To aid in actively transporting materials in/out of the cell. How it works: The proteins have a special shape. Other molecules that fit into that shape can bond with the protein, triggering a motion that pulls it through the cell membrane. What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure. Where it is found: Throughout a cell. When it is used: To take spread out molecules (low concentrations)and move them to new places, typically clustered together (high concentration,) such as during photosynthesis. Why/ its function: To create concentrations of important molecules necessary for the life of a cell/ to reverse diffusion. How it works: The energy is cell fuel is used to change the shapes of molecules to move them towards higher concentrations. Passive Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Cytoplasm Chromosome Ribosome What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure. Where it is found: Throughout a cell. When it is used: When it is useful for concentrated molecules to be allowed to spread out (diffuse) in order to move them to a new place, or in order to harness the energy of their motion to power something else (like photosynthesis.) Why/ its function: To use the natural process of diffusion to power other chemical reactions. How it works: Holes/pores in cell membranes let molecules diffuse through, sometimes spinning small structures to harvest energy in the process. What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure. Where it is found: At a membrane surface. When it is used: When a molecule or molecules need to be contained and transported out of a cell. Why/ its function: To remove specific molecules from a cell and export them. How it works: The cell membrane extends to surround molecules, creating a membrane around them that is then released on the outside of the cell. What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure. Where it is found: At a membrane surface. When it is used: When a molecule or molecules need to be contained and transported into a cell. Why/ its function: To grab specific molecules from the environment and import them. How it works: The cell membrane extends to surround molecules, creating a membrane around them that is then pulled through and released on the inside of the cell. What it’s made of: Mostly water, with dissolved proteins, sugars, nucleic acids and fats. Where it is found: Throughout the cell. When it is used: Always Why/ its function: it is the fluid which everything in the cell floats in or moves through. How it works: As a fluid, molecules are relatively free to diffuse through the cytoplasm, letting molecules move as needed through the cell. What it’s made of: Chains of DNA, connected, wrapped and bundled into a dense, compact loop. Where it is found: in the cytoplasm When it is used: always Why/ its function: To store DNA in a convenient bundle. How it works: By wrapping the DNA chain around protein globes called histones, and then coiling into a spiraled loop. What it’s made of: 4 RNA chains, bound together. Where it is found: in the cytoplasm When it is used: When mRNA is available to be translated into a protein. Why/ its function: It converts the information in RNA into a functioning protein. How it works: By “reading” the units in an RNA chain, and matching them with corresponding amino acid units, the ribosome can link together amino acids to build a protein. Thylakoid Membrane Photosynthesis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. What it’s made of: A semi-permeable layer of water-loving phosphate facing the inside and outside of the cell, with a water-hating inner layer of fats. Where it is found: As a separate membrane enclosing a space inside a cell. When it is used: When photosynthesis is occurring, it is where the light is absorbed. Why/ its function: To serve as a barrier so that molecules can be actively transported and stored on one side of the barrier. How it works: As molecules diffuse back through pores in the membrane, they spin a molecular wheel, trapping energy which can be used to build/synthesize sugar molecules. What it’s made of: This is a process, not a structure. Where it is found: At the thylakoid membrane. When it is used: In the presence of light to make sugars from molecules of water and carbon dioxide. Why/ its function: To convert light energy into energy of motion, and then into the energy trapped in chemical bonds. How it works: Light energy is used to actively transport molecules across the thylakoid membrane. As these diffuse back, they power processes to build cellular fuel, which will be used to build sugar molecules. Pseudopod Cilia Flagella Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cell Surface Transport Proteins Active Transport Passive Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Cytoplasm Chromosome Ribosome Thylakoid Membrane Photosynthesis Prokaryote