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Pseudopod
Cilia
Flagellum
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cell Surface Transport Proteins
Active Transport
What it’s made of: cell membrane
Where it is found: cell surface/ cell membrane
When it is used: when there are particles nearby to consume, or when the cell
must move.
Why/ its function: It can grab and move objects, or pull the cell itself around for
locomotion.
How it works: A protein skeleton beneath the cell membrane can be assembled to
push and pull the membrane into new shapes.
What it’s made of: proteins on the surface of the cell
Where it is found: cell membrane surface
When it is used: when a cell needs to push against a fluid
Why/ its function: to sweep fluid past a cell, or a cell through a fluid
How it works: the cilia can sweep back and forth to push against external fluids
What it’s made of: A long protein chain connected at its base to a “motor” in the
cell membrane.
Where it is found: On the cell membrane
When it is used: when fast motion is necessary
Why/ its function: By spinning, it pushes against fluids to move a cell.
How it works: it is always spinning, but an increase in “cellular fuel” can make it
spin faster, pushing against fluids to force the cell forward.
What it’s made of: A tough mix of sugars/carbohydrates and proteins.
Where it is found: Outside of the cell membrane
When it is used: Always present in organisms that have one
Why/ its function: To give the cell shape and structure, and to limit what enters
and exits the cell.
How it works: The cross-linked sugars and proteins forma dense wall to prevent
water and other substances from passing through it.
What it’s made of: A semi-permeable layer of water-loving phosphate facing the
inside and outside of the cell, with a water-hating inner layer of fats.
Where it is found: Surrounding the cell
When it is used: Always
Why/ its function: To protect the cell, contain the cell, and filter what
enters/leaves the cell.
How it works: The chemical structure of the cell membrane and embedded
proteins limit what can pass through the cell membrane easily.
What it’s made of: Proteins
Where it is found: Stuck in the cell membrane, usually sticking out on one or both
sides into the inside or outside of the cell.
When it is used: When materials on one side of the cell membrane need to be
moved to the other side.
Why/ its function: To aid in actively transporting materials in/out of the cell.
How it works: The proteins have a special shape. Other molecules that fit into
that shape can bond with the protein, triggering a motion that pulls it through the
cell membrane.
What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure.
Where it is found: Throughout a cell.
When it is used: To take spread out molecules (low concentrations)and move
them to new places, typically clustered together (high concentration,) such as
during photosynthesis.
Why/ its function: To create concentrations of important molecules necessary for
the life of a cell/ to reverse diffusion.
How it works: The energy is cell fuel is used to change the shapes of molecules to
move them towards higher concentrations.
Passive Transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Cytoplasm
Chromosome
Ribosome
What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure.
Where it is found: Throughout a cell.
When it is used: When it is useful for concentrated molecules to be allowed to
spread out (diffuse) in order to move them to a new place, or in order to harness
the energy of their motion to power something else (like photosynthesis.)
Why/ its function: To use the natural process of diffusion to power other chemical
reactions.
How it works: Holes/pores in cell membranes let molecules diffuse through,
sometimes spinning small structures to harvest energy in the process.
What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure.
Where it is found: At a membrane surface.
When it is used: When a molecule or molecules need to be contained and
transported out of a cell.
Why/ its function: To remove specific molecules from a cell and export them.
How it works: The cell membrane extends to surround molecules, creating a
membrane around them that is then released on the outside of the cell.
What it’s made of: It is a process, not a physical structure.
Where it is found: At a membrane surface.
When it is used: When a molecule or molecules need to be contained and
transported into a cell.
Why/ its function: To grab specific molecules from the environment and import
them.
How it works: The cell membrane extends to surround molecules, creating a
membrane around them that is then pulled through and released on the inside of
the cell.
What it’s made of: Mostly water, with dissolved proteins, sugars, nucleic acids and
fats.
Where it is found: Throughout the cell.
When it is used: Always
Why/ its function: it is the fluid which everything in the cell floats in or moves
through.
How it works: As a fluid, molecules are relatively free to diffuse through the
cytoplasm, letting molecules move as needed through the cell.
What it’s made of: Chains of DNA, connected, wrapped and bundled into a dense,
compact loop.
Where it is found: in the cytoplasm
When it is used: always
Why/ its function: To store DNA in a convenient bundle.
How it works: By wrapping the DNA chain around protein globes called histones,
and then coiling into a spiraled loop.
What it’s made of: 4 RNA chains, bound together.
Where it is found: in the cytoplasm
When it is used: When mRNA is available to be translated into a protein.
Why/ its function: It converts the information in RNA into a functioning protein.
How it works: By “reading” the units in an RNA chain, and matching them with
corresponding amino acid units, the ribosome can link together amino acids to
build a protein.
Thylakoid Membrane
Photosynthesis
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What it’s made of: A semi-permeable layer of water-loving phosphate facing the
inside and outside of the cell, with a water-hating inner layer of fats.
Where it is found: As a separate membrane enclosing a space inside a cell.
When it is used: When photosynthesis is occurring, it is where the light is
absorbed.
Why/ its function: To serve as a barrier so that molecules can be actively
transported and stored on one side of the barrier.
How it works: As molecules diffuse back through pores in the membrane, they
spin a molecular wheel, trapping energy which can be used to build/synthesize
sugar molecules.
What it’s made of: This is a process, not a structure.
Where it is found: At the thylakoid membrane.
When it is used: In the presence of light to make sugars from molecules of water
and carbon dioxide.
Why/ its function: To convert light energy into energy of motion, and then into
the energy trapped in chemical bonds.
How it works: Light energy is used to actively transport molecules across the
thylakoid membrane. As these diffuse back, they power processes to build cellular
fuel, which will be used to build sugar molecules.
Pseudopod
Cilia
Flagella
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cell Surface Transport Proteins
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Cytoplasm
Chromosome
Ribosome
Thylakoid Membrane
Photosynthesis
Prokaryote