Download Who You Know: Prominent Psychologists (Word Associations

Who You Know:
Prominent Psychologists (Word Associations)
Maslow – humanist, hierarchy of needs/self-actualization
Freud – psychodynamic theorist, unconscious sexual and aggressive urges (defense
mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference
Jung – collective unconscious, archetypes
Rogers – humanism (unconditional positive regard, person-centered therapy, self and
organism)
Pavlov – classical conditioning
Bandura – social/observational learning and social-cognitive perspective, reciprocal
determinism, locus of control (internal vs. external), learned helplessness, selfefficacy
Skinner – operant conditioning, shaping through successive approximations, rewards and
Punishments, schedules of reinforcement
Eysenck – traits; extraversion vs. introversion, stability vs. instability (emotional);
ultimately expanded by others to create the BIG FIVE (emotional stability or
neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, consciousness – OCEAN)
Kagan – traits; shy-inhibited vs. fearless-uninhibited re: temperament; questioned
prevailing belief at time that adult personality was determined by childhood
experiences alone (environmental determinism)
Sheldon – traits; endomorph vs. ectomorph vs. mesomorph
Allport – common (nomothetic) vs. individual (idiographic) traits (people’s characteristic
behaviors and conscious motives); criticized Freud for digging too deep in
unconscious for explanations of behavior; focused on describing behavior instead
Cattell – surface (characteristic, observable ways of behaving) vs. source (underlying
traits from which surface traits are derived) traits; developed 16 Personality
Factors Scale (16PF)
Harlow – attachment (body contact and monkeys)
Adler – inferiority complex; social interaction as key to proper development (like
Horney); neo-Freudian (rejecting heavy emphasis on biological needs)
Horney – child seeks out love, security and acceptance due to feelings of helplessness
experienced during childhood
Broca – speech production/articulation (BS in the WC)
Wernicke – language comprehension (WC)
Gall – phrenology (bumps and mental abilities)
Lorenz – imprinting/ducks (instinct theorist)
Galton – intelligence is hereditary, “eugenics” (well-born) movement
Plato – innate ideas; brain is seat of mental processes
Aristotle – denies innate ideas; heart is seat of mental processes
Descartes – doctrine of innate ideas
Locke – tabula rasa (“blank slate”); stresses empiricism over speculation
Piaget – stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete
operations, formal operations, assimilation vs. accommodation, etc.)
Kohlberg – moral development (preconventional vs. conventional vs. postconventional)
Erikson – neo-Freudian; psychosocial stages via crises (basic trust, identity, generativity,
industry, integrity, etc.)
Ainsworth – responsive parenting and strange situation paradigm (attachment);
anxious/avoidant vs. securely attached vs. anxious/resistant
Marcia – identity development (foreclosure, moratorium, diffusion, achievement)
Vygotsky – language provides the building blocks for thinking; children internalize their
culture’s language and rely on inner speech (especially for self-control or selfregulation); zone of proximal development
Diana Baumrind – parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive); authoritative
parenting leads to self-reliant, socially competent, and warm offspring
Ellis – rational-emotive therapy (REBT)
Perls – breaking down people’s defenses enables person to become ‘whole’ again
(Gestalt therapy)
Milgram – obedience studies (“teachers” and “learners” and electric shock)
Asch – conformity studies (comparing lines; normative and informational social
influence)
Zimbardo – prison study (attitudes and situations, role-playing)
Festinger – cognitive dissonance theory (attitudes and actions)
Dollard – frustration-aggression principle
Bem – self-perception theory (infer attitudes from actions)
Darley and Latane – Kitty Genovese; diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance;
bystander effect
James – functionalism (all activities of mind serve a function, survival of species)
Wundt – first psychology lab, introspection and structuralism (all human mental
experience, no matter how complex, could be viewed as blends or combinations
of simple processes or elements – attempt to reveal the structure of the mind by
discovering all of the basic elements of sensation and emotion)
Ebbinghaus – forgetting and retention curves; effortful processing (rehearsal) required to
move from STM to LTM
Loftus – false memories, constructed memories, misinformation effect
Schacter (Daniel) – 7 sins of memory, source memory/amnesia
Gordon Bower – cognitive psychologist, state-dependent memory (what we learn in one
state is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in the same state);
retrieval failure is largest contributor to forgetting, not repression
Thorndike – “law of effect” (rewarded behavior is more likely to be repeated); puzzle
boxes with cats
Watson – responsible for shift in focus to observable behavior (first behaviorist); Little
Albert; worked with Rosalie Rayner; classical conditioning applied to humans
Mary Cover Jones – counterconditioning (1924); Peter and fear of rabbits (pairing trigger
stimulus with something incompatible with fear)
Gilligan – critic of Kohlberg and Erikson; believes females differ from males both in
being less concerned with viewing themselves as separate individuals and in
being more concerned with making connections; women are more
interdependent and men are more independent
Julian Rotter – locus of control (internal vs. external)
Walter Mischel – critic of trait perspective; people do not act with predictable
consistency; people’s scores on personality tests only mildly predict their
behaviors; competencies, perceptions, expectations, subjective values, and selfregulation are responsible for the differences in how people handle new
situations, not traits
Fritz Heider – attribution theory (internal dispositions or external situations)
Seligman – positive psychology; focus on optimism and thriving (studies of happiness
and health); purpose is to measure, understand and then build the human
strengths and civic virtues; a scientific and humanistic perspective
Kubler-Ross – stages of dying (DABDA)
Fromm – neo-Freudian; emphasized ego and conscious strivings for unity, love, truth and
Freedom; combines ideas of Freud and Marx and examines the economic and
cultural roots of personality; believes that your personality is a reflection of such
issues as social class, minority status, education, vocation, etc.
Kohler – chimps and insight
Kelly – constructs (personal schemas), rather than stimuli, determine behavior; people
behave according to the way they construe events and future behavior is
predictable by examining the constructs they currently use
Selye – GAS (General adaptation syndrome) re: stress response (ARE)
Binet – IQ
Weschler – adult intelligence test (WAIS-R)
Sternberg – three aspects of intelligence (analytical, creative and practical)
Terman – Stanford professor, revised Binet’s test to create Stanford-Binet, established
norms for ages
Spearman – ‘g’ factor/intelligence
Gardner – multiple intelligences
Goleman – EQ
Mesmer – hypnosis
Hilgard – divided consciousness, hidden observer (hypnosis)
Weber – Law re: sensation (to perceive their difference, two stimuli must differ by a
constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount))
Chomsky – language hardware is innate, experience writes software (biological and
environmental perspective vs. Skinner’s belief that we learn language via
associations, imitation and reinforcement)
Lenenberg – critical period for language acquisition
Whorf – Linguistic relativity (language influences or shapes thought – different
languages impose different conceptions of reality)
Yerkes-Dodson – arousal and performance of task (moderate levels of arousal lead to
greatest success with difficult tasks)
James-Lange – emotion is the result of a perception of bodily changes and behaviors
(physiological change precedes emotional response)
Cannon-Bard – emotion is the result of the perception of a stimulus that causes both
physiological changes and subjective feelings (physiological change and
emotional response occur simultaneously)
Schacter (Stanley) – two-factor theory re: emotion; need to have a cognitive label
coupled with a physiological change to experience an emotion
Lazarus – like Schacter, believes that our appraisal and labeling of events can also
determine our emotional response
Zajonc – some emotional responses are immediate, coming before any conscious
appraisal
Paul Ekman – emotion and facial expressions; universality of facial expressions;
identified 6 basic emotions (anger, sadness, happiness, disgust, surprise, fear)
Thomas Szasz – concept of mental illness is a socially constructed myth for the purpose
of advancing certain social and political agenda; most of the people we label
mentally ill are not ill at all, they simply have “problems in living”
David Rosenhan – being sane in insane places; labeling of psychological disorders
Hawthorne (effect) – need for control of group to create baseline
Egas Moniz – prefrontal lobotomy; Nobel Prize winner
Walter Freeman – transorbital lobotomy