Download CELLS

• Standards:
• SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships
between structures and functions in living cells.
• Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining
homeostasis and cell reproduction.
• SB3. Students will derive the relationship between singlecelled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing
complexity of systems.
• Relate the complexity and organization of organisms to their
ability for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and
eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
• What discoveries led to our understanding of cells and
the creation of the cell theory?
• In what ways are eukaryotes more complex than
prokaryotes?
• What are the parts of a cell and what does each part
do?
• How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis?
• What are examples of cell transport (diffusion,
osmosis, and active transport) in everyday life?
• Why do cells need energy?
The student will understand that:
• All organisms are composed of cells:
prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
• All cells come from other living cells.
• Each cell organelle performs a specific function.
• Cell Transport (diffusion, osmosis, and active
transport) apply to everyday life.
HISTORY OF CELL DISCOVERIES
-1665 – ROBERT HOOKE – First discovered and
named cells (in non-living cork)
-1673 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - “Father of
MICROSCOPY”.
– *First to describe LIVING CELLS AND
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES
The CELL THEORY: 1800s
1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
(Schleiden and Schwann)
2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
3. CELLS COME ONLY FROM OTHER CELLS
(Virchow)
CELLS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2
DIFFERENT GROUPS
•PROKARYOTES
•-Lack ORGANELLES and
a NUCLEUS
•-Always unicellular
•-Cells are not
specialized
•-The only examples
are BACTERIA
EUKARYOTES
-Have organelles and
a nucleus
-Usually multi-cellular
-Cells can be specialized –
have a specific function
(i.e. nerve cell, muscle cell)
-Examples include:
ANIMALS, PLANTS,
FUNGI and PROTISTS
Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
contains the DNA
•Cell membrane &
cell wall
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) to
make proteins in
their cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic
cell structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles
Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
CELL SIZES
DO ALL CELLS LOOK ALIKE?
Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell
• Multicellularcomposed of many
cells that may
organize
WHAT STRUCTURES MAKE UP A
CELL?
CELL STRUCTURES
I. CELL MEMBRANE
(LIPID Bilayer)
A. Function:
SEPARATES and
REGULATES what
enters and leaves cell
1. SEMI-permeable –
B. Structure – made of 2
organic compounds
1. Lipids (2 layers of
phospholipids)
2. Proteins (embedded)
II. CELL WALL – Tough, outer layer
outside of cell membrane, made of cellulose
•
•
•
Found in PLANTS, FUNGI, and BACTERIA;
some
BACTERIA;
Not found in ANIMAL cells
Not found in ANIMAL cells
III. CYTOPLASM_ – Includes
•
•
CYTOSOL – Gel inside of cell (mostly water)
ORGANELLES - “mini” organs (see chart below)
ORGANELLE
NUCLEUS
FUNCTION
CONTROLS cell activities; holds
genetic information (contains
NUCLEOLUS)
ORGANELLE
FUNCTION
ENDOPLASMIC ROUGH ER – With ribosomes;
RETICULUM
SMOOTH ER – No ribosomes;
System of channels to transport
(ER)
substances throughout cell
ORGANELLE
FUNCTION
RIBOSOMES Makes PROTEINS; Can be attached
to ER or free in cytoplasm
ORGANELLE
GOLGI
BODIES
FUNCTION
Responsible for PACKAGING and
TRANSPORT OF cell products
ORGANELLE
MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTION
Site of ENERGY
production (ATP) –
“POWERHOUSE” of cell
ORGANELLE
FUNCTION
LYSOSOMES Site of DIGESTION, DISPOSAL,
and LYSIS of cells – “recycling
center”
ORGANELLE
FUNCTION
CYTOSKELETON
Involved in support,
transport, and reproduction
of cell
ORGANELLE
VACUOLES
FUNCTION
STORAGE of extra
sugar, water, & wastes
PLANTS ONLY
ORGANELLE
CHLOROPLASTS
FUNCTION
Conversion of Carbon dioxide and
water with solar energy into
CHEMICAL energy (glucose)
REVIEW OF CELL PARTS
Interactive Cell Review
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell
_functions.htm
ORGANELLE
FUNCTION
NUCLEUS
CONTROLS Cell Activities; Contains genetic information
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
(ER)
ROUGH ER – With ribosomes; Produce products for export
SMOOTH ER – No ribosomes; System of channels
RIBOSOMES
Site of PROTEIN synthesis; Can be attached to ER or free in
cytoplasm
GOLGI BODIES
Responsible for PACKAGING and TRANSPORT OF cell products
MITOCHONDRIA
Site of ENERGY production (ATP)
LYSOSOMES
Site of DIGESTION, DISPOSAL, and LYSIS of cells
CYTOSKELETON
Involved in support, transport, and reproduction of cell
VACUOLES
STORAGE of extra sugar and water
PLANTS/ALGAE ONLY
CHLOROPLASTS
CONVERT SOLAR ENERGY AND CO2  GLUCOSE AND O2
CELL ANALOGY
IN THE SPACE PROVIDED, CREATE YOUR
OWN CELL ANALOGY.
REVIEW OF CELL PARTS
How do plant and animal cells differ?
CLICK ON THIS FOR A REVIEW OF THE FUNCTIONS:
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell_functions.htm
9/7 Concept 3 – CELL Parts – write the letter and
answer
1a. REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND
LEAVES A CELL
1b. “SUICIDE SACS” – DIGESTIVE
STRUCTURE
1c. “POWERHOUSE” – GENERATES ATP
1d. “POSTOFFICE” – PACKAGES AND
SHIPS PRODUCTS FROM THE CEL
1e. “ROADWAY” – MAKES LIPIDS AND
TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES W/IN
THE CELL
1f. GEL-LIKE FLUID W/IN THE CELL
1g. “CONTROL CENTER” – HOUSES
DNA
1h. “CELL FACTORY” – SITE OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1i. MAINTAINS CELL STRUCTURE
1j. “Warehouses” – Stores food and
wastes
A) NUCLEUS
B. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
C. GOLGI
COMPLEX
D. MITOCHONDRIA
E. RIBOSOME
F. LYSOSOME
G. CYTOSKELETON
H. CYTOPLASM
I.
CELL
MEMBRANE
J. VACUOLES
MAKE A VENN DIAGRAM TO SHOW
THE SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS.
ANIMAL
DNA
PLANT
RNA
A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CELL
MEMBRANE
I. STRUCTURE
• Made of a
PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER (2 layers of
lipid molecules)
– Hydrophilic heads – like
the water
– Hydrophobic tails – hate
the water
CONTAINS PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN THE LIPID BILAYER
MARKER PROTEINS (ID Tags for cell)
CHANNEL & CARRIER proteins (help big molecules get
through)
II. FUNCTION
• SEMI-PERMEABLE - REGULATES WHAT
CAN ENTER AND LEAVE CELL
• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – CELL MEMBRANE
ACTS LIKE A FLUID (LIPIDS AND
PROTEINS CONSTANTLY MOVE)
THE CELL & ITS ENVIRONMENT
• Cells must move molecules through the cell
membrane to maintain HOMEOSTASIS
(balance between concentrations inside and
outside cell)
• CONCENTRATION = amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent
• In which cell is the
salt concentration
higher?
MOLECULES CAN MOVE INTO OR
OUT OF CELLS BY EITHER:
I. PASSIVE TRANSPORT – NO ENERGY
a. DIFFUSION / OSMOSIS
b. Facilitated Diffusion
HIGH
LOW
2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT (REQUIRES
ENERGY)
LOW
HIGH
PASSIVE TRANSPORT (2 TYPES)
A. DIFFUSION = movement of molecules
from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION
to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION –
no energy is needed
1. RATE OF DIFFUSION CAN BE INCREASED
BY:
• Greater concentration gradient
• Higher temperature
• Greater pressure
• Smaller molecule size
2. OSMOSIS = DIFFUSION OF
WATER
–
Hypotonic – Lesser concentration of solute
(Greater concentration of water) outside cell
•
–
Hypertonic – Greater concentration of solute
(Less concentration of water) outside cell
•
–
Water diffuses into cell; Cell swells
Water diffuses out of cell; Cell shrinks
Isotonic – Concentration of solute inside and
outside cell are equal
•
Cell is at Equilibrium (equal concentration of
molecules)
–
–
Water diffuses in and out of cell at equal rates
Movement of molecules continues equally across membrane
Osmosis in Plants
• Turgor pressure – Pressure of water
molecules against cell wall (keeps it from
bursting) – Keeps plant rigid
– Plant cells in hypotonic environment
• Plasmolysis – Cells shrink away from cell wall
(causes wilting)
– Plant cells in hypertonic environment
What
happens
when you
don’t
water a
plant?
EFFECTS OF SOLUTIONS ON CELLS – HOW
CELLS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
PURE WATER
SALT WATER
EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING
THINK ABOUT IT
• HOW COULD SOMEONE DIE BY
CONSUMING TOO MUCH PURE WATER?
• IF YOU WERE ON A DESERT ISLAND,
WOULD YOU BE BETTER OFF DRINKING
THE OCEAN WATER OR DRINKING
NOTHING AT ALL?
• WHY ARE PEOPLE HOOKED UP TO A .09%
SALINE SOLUTION IF THEY NEED FLUIDS?
Concept 4 –
FOR SOLUTIONS A, B, AND C INDICATE:
i) Type of solution
ii) What will happen to the cell
A
B
C
• B. Facilitated
Diffusion –
Molecules require
“help” to diffuse
• Ion Channels –
“Gates” that allow
specific ions to
enter or leave cell
• Carrier proteins
– Carry
molecules across
cell membrane
II. Active Transport - Requires Energy
(ATP) to move substances up
concentration gradient
A. Sodium Potassium Pump
– (3) Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell
– (2) Potassium ions are pumped in
B. Particle movement in cells
1. Endocytosis -Cells ingest fluid,
macromolecules, and other
particles  Forms a vessicle 
fuses with lysosomes
a. Pinocytosis – ingestion of
solutes or fluids
b. Phagocytosis – ingestion of
large particles or entire cells
2. Exocytosis - Cells release
contents
a. Products from cell packaged into
vesicles by Golgi Apparatus
b. Transported to Cell Membrane
and released
Concept 5 - CELL TRANSPORT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ENDOCYTOSIS OF LARGE PARTICLES
ENDOCYTOSIS OF SMALL PARTICLES
ACTIVE TRANSPORT WHERE A CELL
PACKAGES AND RELEASES CELL
PRODUCTS
A SOLUTION THAT HAS MORE
SOLUTE (less water) THAN THE CELL
A SOLUTION THAT HAS LESS SOLUTE
(more water) THAN THE CELL
MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM HIGH 
LOW CONC.
A SOLUTION WITH EQUAL
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE TO THE
CELL)
MOVEMENT FROM LOW  HIGH
CONC.; REQUIRES ATP
MOVEMENT OF ANY MOLECULE
FROM HIGH  LOW CONC
A) DIFFUSION
B) OSMOSIS
C) ISOTONIC
D) HYPOTONIC
E) HYPERTONIC
F) ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
G) EXOCYTOSIS
H) PINOCYTOSIS
I) PHAGOCYTOSIS
Concept 6 – Label the cell
4
5
1
2
3
6
CONCEPT 4 - MAKE A VENN DIAGRAM
TO SHOW THE SIMILARITIES &
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELLS.
ANIMAL
DNA
PLANT
RNA