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Transcript
• Standards: • SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. • Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. • SB3. Students will derive the relationship between singlecelled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. • Relate the complexity and organization of organisms to their ability for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: • What discoveries led to our understanding of cells and the creation of the cell theory? • In what ways are eukaryotes more complex than prokaryotes? • What are the parts of a cell and what does each part do? • How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis? • What are examples of cell transport (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport) in everyday life? • Why do cells need energy? The student will understand that: • All organisms are composed of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic. • All cells come from other living cells. • Each cell organelle performs a specific function. • Cell Transport (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport) apply to everyday life. HISTORY OF CELL DISCOVERIES -1665 – ROBERT HOOKE – First discovered and named cells (in non-living cork) -1673 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - “Father of MICROSCOPY”. – *First to describe LIVING CELLS AND MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES The CELL THEORY: 1800s 1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS. (Schleiden and Schwann) 2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE 3. CELLS COME ONLY FROM OTHER CELLS (Virchow) CELLS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 DIFFERENT GROUPS •PROKARYOTES •-Lack ORGANELLES and a NUCLEUS •-Always unicellular •-Cells are not specialized •-The only examples are BACTERIA EUKARYOTES -Have organelles and a nucleus -Usually multi-cellular -Cells can be specialized – have a specific function (i.e. nerve cell, muscle cell) -Examples include: ANIMALS, PLANTS, FUNGI and PROTISTS Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA •Cell membrane & cell wall • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: • Nucleus • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm with organelles Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell CELL SIZES DO ALL CELLS LOOK ALIKE? Number of Cells Organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellularcomposed of many cells that may organize WHAT STRUCTURES MAKE UP A CELL? CELL STRUCTURES I. CELL MEMBRANE (LIPID Bilayer) A. Function: SEPARATES and REGULATES what enters and leaves cell 1. SEMI-permeable – B. Structure – made of 2 organic compounds 1. Lipids (2 layers of phospholipids) 2. Proteins (embedded) II. CELL WALL – Tough, outer layer outside of cell membrane, made of cellulose • • • Found in PLANTS, FUNGI, and BACTERIA; some BACTERIA; Not found in ANIMAL cells Not found in ANIMAL cells III. CYTOPLASM_ – Includes • • CYTOSOL – Gel inside of cell (mostly water) ORGANELLES - “mini” organs (see chart below) ORGANELLE NUCLEUS FUNCTION CONTROLS cell activities; holds genetic information (contains NUCLEOLUS) ORGANELLE FUNCTION ENDOPLASMIC ROUGH ER – With ribosomes; RETICULUM SMOOTH ER – No ribosomes; System of channels to transport (ER) substances throughout cell ORGANELLE FUNCTION RIBOSOMES Makes PROTEINS; Can be attached to ER or free in cytoplasm ORGANELLE GOLGI BODIES FUNCTION Responsible for PACKAGING and TRANSPORT OF cell products ORGANELLE MITOCHONDRIA FUNCTION Site of ENERGY production (ATP) – “POWERHOUSE” of cell ORGANELLE FUNCTION LYSOSOMES Site of DIGESTION, DISPOSAL, and LYSIS of cells – “recycling center” ORGANELLE FUNCTION CYTOSKELETON Involved in support, transport, and reproduction of cell ORGANELLE VACUOLES FUNCTION STORAGE of extra sugar, water, & wastes PLANTS ONLY ORGANELLE CHLOROPLASTS FUNCTION Conversion of Carbon dioxide and water with solar energy into CHEMICAL energy (glucose) REVIEW OF CELL PARTS Interactive Cell Review http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell _functions.htm ORGANELLE FUNCTION NUCLEUS CONTROLS Cell Activities; Contains genetic information ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) ROUGH ER – With ribosomes; Produce products for export SMOOTH ER – No ribosomes; System of channels RIBOSOMES Site of PROTEIN synthesis; Can be attached to ER or free in cytoplasm GOLGI BODIES Responsible for PACKAGING and TRANSPORT OF cell products MITOCHONDRIA Site of ENERGY production (ATP) LYSOSOMES Site of DIGESTION, DISPOSAL, and LYSIS of cells CYTOSKELETON Involved in support, transport, and reproduction of cell VACUOLES STORAGE of extra sugar and water PLANTS/ALGAE ONLY CHLOROPLASTS CONVERT SOLAR ENERGY AND CO2 GLUCOSE AND O2 CELL ANALOGY IN THE SPACE PROVIDED, CREATE YOUR OWN CELL ANALOGY. REVIEW OF CELL PARTS How do plant and animal cells differ? CLICK ON THIS FOR A REVIEW OF THE FUNCTIONS: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell_functions.htm 9/7 Concept 3 – CELL Parts – write the letter and answer 1a. REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES A CELL 1b. “SUICIDE SACS” – DIGESTIVE STRUCTURE 1c. “POWERHOUSE” – GENERATES ATP 1d. “POSTOFFICE” – PACKAGES AND SHIPS PRODUCTS FROM THE CEL 1e. “ROADWAY” – MAKES LIPIDS AND TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES W/IN THE CELL 1f. GEL-LIKE FLUID W/IN THE CELL 1g. “CONTROL CENTER” – HOUSES DNA 1h. “CELL FACTORY” – SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1i. MAINTAINS CELL STRUCTURE 1j. “Warehouses” – Stores food and wastes A) NUCLEUS B. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM C. GOLGI COMPLEX D. MITOCHONDRIA E. RIBOSOME F. LYSOSOME G. CYTOSKELETON H. CYTOPLASM I. CELL MEMBRANE J. VACUOLES MAKE A VENN DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS. ANIMAL DNA PLANT RNA A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CELL MEMBRANE I. STRUCTURE • Made of a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER (2 layers of lipid molecules) – Hydrophilic heads – like the water – Hydrophobic tails – hate the water CONTAINS PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN THE LIPID BILAYER MARKER PROTEINS (ID Tags for cell) CHANNEL & CARRIER proteins (help big molecules get through) II. FUNCTION • SEMI-PERMEABLE - REGULATES WHAT CAN ENTER AND LEAVE CELL • FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – CELL MEMBRANE ACTS LIKE A FLUID (LIPIDS AND PROTEINS CONSTANTLY MOVE) THE CELL & ITS ENVIRONMENT • Cells must move molecules through the cell membrane to maintain HOMEOSTASIS (balance between concentrations inside and outside cell) • CONCENTRATION = amount of solute dissolved in a solvent • In which cell is the salt concentration higher? MOLECULES CAN MOVE INTO OR OUT OF CELLS BY EITHER: I. PASSIVE TRANSPORT – NO ENERGY a. DIFFUSION / OSMOSIS b. Facilitated Diffusion HIGH LOW 2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT (REQUIRES ENERGY) LOW HIGH PASSIVE TRANSPORT (2 TYPES) A. DIFFUSION = movement of molecules from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION – no energy is needed 1. RATE OF DIFFUSION CAN BE INCREASED BY: • Greater concentration gradient • Higher temperature • Greater pressure • Smaller molecule size 2. OSMOSIS = DIFFUSION OF WATER – Hypotonic – Lesser concentration of solute (Greater concentration of water) outside cell • – Hypertonic – Greater concentration of solute (Less concentration of water) outside cell • – Water diffuses into cell; Cell swells Water diffuses out of cell; Cell shrinks Isotonic – Concentration of solute inside and outside cell are equal • Cell is at Equilibrium (equal concentration of molecules) – – Water diffuses in and out of cell at equal rates Movement of molecules continues equally across membrane Osmosis in Plants • Turgor pressure – Pressure of water molecules against cell wall (keeps it from bursting) – Keeps plant rigid – Plant cells in hypotonic environment • Plasmolysis – Cells shrink away from cell wall (causes wilting) – Plant cells in hypertonic environment What happens when you don’t water a plant? EFFECTS OF SOLUTIONS ON CELLS – HOW CELLS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS PURE WATER SALT WATER EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING THINK ABOUT IT • HOW COULD SOMEONE DIE BY CONSUMING TOO MUCH PURE WATER? • IF YOU WERE ON A DESERT ISLAND, WOULD YOU BE BETTER OFF DRINKING THE OCEAN WATER OR DRINKING NOTHING AT ALL? • WHY ARE PEOPLE HOOKED UP TO A .09% SALINE SOLUTION IF THEY NEED FLUIDS? Concept 4 – FOR SOLUTIONS A, B, AND C INDICATE: i) Type of solution ii) What will happen to the cell A B C • B. Facilitated Diffusion – Molecules require “help” to diffuse • Ion Channels – “Gates” that allow specific ions to enter or leave cell • Carrier proteins – Carry molecules across cell membrane II. Active Transport - Requires Energy (ATP) to move substances up concentration gradient A. Sodium Potassium Pump – (3) Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell – (2) Potassium ions are pumped in B. Particle movement in cells 1. Endocytosis -Cells ingest fluid, macromolecules, and other particles Forms a vessicle fuses with lysosomes a. Pinocytosis – ingestion of solutes or fluids b. Phagocytosis – ingestion of large particles or entire cells 2. Exocytosis - Cells release contents a. Products from cell packaged into vesicles by Golgi Apparatus b. Transported to Cell Membrane and released Concept 5 - CELL TRANSPORT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ENDOCYTOSIS OF LARGE PARTICLES ENDOCYTOSIS OF SMALL PARTICLES ACTIVE TRANSPORT WHERE A CELL PACKAGES AND RELEASES CELL PRODUCTS A SOLUTION THAT HAS MORE SOLUTE (less water) THAN THE CELL A SOLUTION THAT HAS LESS SOLUTE (more water) THAN THE CELL MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM HIGH LOW CONC. A SOLUTION WITH EQUAL CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE TO THE CELL) MOVEMENT FROM LOW HIGH CONC.; REQUIRES ATP MOVEMENT OF ANY MOLECULE FROM HIGH LOW CONC A) DIFFUSION B) OSMOSIS C) ISOTONIC D) HYPOTONIC E) HYPERTONIC F) ACTIVE TRANSPORT G) EXOCYTOSIS H) PINOCYTOSIS I) PHAGOCYTOSIS Concept 6 – Label the cell 4 5 1 2 3 6 CONCEPT 4 - MAKE A VENN DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS. ANIMAL DNA PLANT RNA