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Four processes were needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth: 1. Non-living synthesis of simple organic molecules 2. Assembly of these molecules into polymers 3. Origin of self replicating molecules that made inheritance possible 4. Packaging of these molecules into membranes with an internal chemistry different from their surroundings In modern living systems, information flows from WHAT IS RNA? What is RNA? • Ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid • RNA is essential for all known forms of life. • Like DNA, RNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides. Each consists of a base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate group. How is RNA different than DNA? • RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose • RNA has the base uracil while DNA contains thymine. • Unlike DNA, most RNA molecules are singlestranded and can adopt very complex threedimensional structures. REMEMBER: In modern living systems, information flows from DNA RNA Protein This sequence probably developed in stages RNA-First Hypothesis • Through the Wormhole video clip #2 • The first genetic information and enzymes were RNA molecules • Why RNA? RNA can act as a catalyst to: – Bind amino acids together to form proteins – Replicate itself to create more RNA (animation #1) • RNA can be transcribed to DNA • This could have given rise to the first DNA DNA is more stable than RNA and eventually took over carrying the genetic information Arguments for the RNA First hypothesis • In Miller’s experiments, ribose was created and deoxyribose was harder to produce. • RNA has a simpler structure then DNA. • RNA exists in viruses (and no DNA) • It has been proved experimentally that RNA has catalytic functions (it is a catalyst) • The DNA-protein system cannot work without RNA.