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Transcript
Why must cells divide? MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS GROW BY MAKING MORE CELLS WHEN CELLS GET TOO BIG, THEIR MEMBRANES CANNOT EXCHANGE WASTE AND NUTRIENTS FAST ENOUGH TO KEEP THEM ALIVE • DIVISION IS NEEDED FOR GROWTH (INCREASE IN SIZE), HEALING, AND DEVELOPMENT (CHANGES IN BODY STRUCTURE) SOME ORGANISMS USE DIVISION TO REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BACTERIAL CELL GROWTH- BINARY FISSION • BACTERIAL CELLS DO NOT GROW IN SEPARATE STAGES. • WHEN THEY HAVE GROWN LARGE ENOUGH, AND COPIED THEIR DNA, THEY SPLIT THEIR CYTOPLASM IN TWO. • HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=DZZFTHKFZSG • HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=J3CO48TL8_A The Cell Cycle • THE LIFE OF A CELL CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO TWO MAJOR STAGES: INTERPHASE AND CELL DIVISION (M PHASE) • DURING INTERPHASE, THE CELL PERFORMS NORMAL FUNCTIONS AND PREPARES FOR DIVISION • INTERPHASE IS MADE UP OF THREE PHASES: G1 – CELL GROWS AND MAKES MORE ORGANELLES S – A SECOND COPY OF THE CELL’S DNA IS SYNTHESIZED G2 – THE CELL GETS READY FOR DIVISION The Cell Cycle • CELL DIVISION (M PHASE) IS MADE UP OF TWO PARTS: MITOSIS – DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS TO CREATE TWO IDENTICAL DAUGHTER NUCLEI CYTOKINESIS – SPLITTING OF THE MEMBRANE AND CYTOPLASM TO FORM TWO IDENTICAL CELLS Regulation of the Cell Cycle • HEALTHY CELLS GROW, DIE, AND ARE REPLACED IN A CONTROLLED WAY • THE CELL CYCLE IS CONTROLLED AT THREE CHECKPOINTS • CHECKPOINT FAILURE MAY RESULT IN CANCER – A DISEASE IN WHICH CELLS DIVIDE RAPIDLY AND UNCONTROLLABLY Regulation of the Cell Cycle • Three checkpoints: • End of G1 phase • After G2 phase • After Mitosis (Cell Division) • HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=OCIGJN8UJNQ • PRE-MITOSIS VIDEO: HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZZ1G2W1JL7E