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Meiosis • Homologous chromosomes Meiosis and mitosis http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3bio/bio207/index.htm January 25 – Identical in size and shape – Carry the same genes in the same linkage order – Very similar in nucleotide sequence • Homologs – Two chromosomes of a homologous pair – E.g. X and Y chromosomes act as homologous chromosomes because a small part of the nucleotide sequences match Meiosis 1 Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis 2 Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis 3 Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis 4 Meiosis Meiosis Chromosomes of tomatoes • How many chromosomes does a tomato have? – 12 • Where are the centromeres? – Constrictions between the dark regions • What is the dark region flanking the centromere of each chromosome? – heterochromatin Text p. 130 5 Chromosomes of tomatoes • How many chromosomes does a tomato have? – 12 • Where are the centromeres? – Constrictions between the dark regions • What is the dark region flanking the centromere of each chromosome? – heterochromatin Text p. 130 Mitosis Mitosis 6 Meiosis and Mitosis • Meiosis • Mitosis – Parent cell 2n produces 4 gametes n – Forms new combinations of chromosomes in gametes – New combinations of chromosomes are formed during crossing-over – Daughter cell is identical to parent cell – A 2n cell gives two (2n) daughter cells 2n 2n DNA Replication DNA Replication Meiosis Meiosis n n Diploid life cycle • For example Drosophila melanogaster, humans, mice… Stages in the production of mature male and female gametes 2n Oogonium 2n Spermatogonium 2n Primary Oocyte 2n Primary Spermatocyte Meiosis I 2n Secondary Spermatocytes DNA Replication n Mitosis 2n Secondary Oocyte First Polar body Meiosis II n n n Spermatids Spermatozoa (sperm) n n n n n Ootid n n n Three polar bodies Ovum (egg) n 7 Haploid life cycle Haploid life cycle • Neurospora crassa Neurospora crassa Alternation of haploid and diploid 8 9 10 Genes and chromosomes • What is a gene? – Functional regions along the DNA molecule of a chromosome that are transcribed into RNA • Even before the structure of DNA was elucidated it was thought that chromosomes represented large numbers of genes in a linear array Genes and chromosomes • What is a gene? – Functional regions along the DNA molecule of a chromosome that are transcribed into RNA • Even before the structure of DNA was elucidated it was thought that chromosomes represented large numbers of genes in a linear array Introduction to genetic analysis Griffiths, A., Wessler, S.R., Lewontin,R.C., Gelbart, W.M.,Suzuki, D.T. and Miller, J.H. Eighth Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company NY • • • • Part I Transmission genetic analysis Chapter 1: all questions p. 24-26 Chapter 2: all the questions p. 62-72 Chapter 3: questions #1-12,18,19, 22, 25-27, 29, 30, 32, 40-42. • Test covers chapters 1 to 3, multiple choice – You will need a calculator • Chapter 15: Text p. 130 11 Tutorials Evaluation • You need to do the assigned questions at the end of each chapter covered • As stated on the website you need to present a doctor’s note to the instructor within 48h of missing a quiz or a test • If you have a legitimate reason for missing a quiz email IN ADVANCE • NB. Academic conflict is NOT a legitimate reason for missing a quiz • Late penalty is 20% per day for quizzes that are to be handed in to drop boxes. • Tutorial Quizzes/Assignments worth a total of 15% • 4 Term Tests worth a total of 50%: – January 30 – February 27 – March 15 – April 3 • Final Exam worth 35% 12