Download Unicellular Organisms Notes PDF

11/8/16
Unit 5
Cellular Processes
Bio 1.2.1,1.2.2,1.2.3, 4.2.1 &
4.2.2
Euglena
•  Environment: fresh and salt water
•  Movement/locomotion: flagella (long whip-like
tails)
•  Food:
Unicellular Organisms Notes
Page ___
Objective:
Compare the structures and functions of
the following single-celled organisms:
1. Euglena
2. Amoeba
3. Paramecium
Euglena
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHZZKwrYm4g
–  Heterotrophic- engulfs full cell & absorb them
–  Autotrophic- make their own food using
chlorophyll
•  Reproduction: asexual
•  Additional Organelle:
–  Eye spot- detects light & guides Euglena in its
direction for photosynthesis to occur
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Amoeba
•  Environment: Fresh and salt water
•  Movement:
Pseudopod “false feet” (sends out a slender
extension of itself (like a foot) & then the rest of
the body flows into this extension
Cytoplasmic streaming – free flowing
cytoplasm; changes shape
•  Food: heterotrophic
–  They surround their prey and engulf it with a
pseudopodium
•  Reproduction: asexual
Paramecium
•  Environment: Fresh water
•  Movement/Locomotion: Cilia (hair-like projections)
–  Bend and straighten helping propel organism through water
(forward or backward)
•  Food: Heterotrophic
–  Uses cilia to sweep the food into the cell.
•  Reproduction: sexual and asexual
•  Additional Info: Most complex and specialized
Amoeba Eating Paramecium
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk
Brain Eating Amoeba
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-you-need-toknow-about-the-brain-eating-amoeba/
Paramecium
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY
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Euglena
Amoeba
Paramecium
Environment
Fresh and salt water
Fresh and salt water
Fresh water
Movement
Flagella
Cytoplasmic
streaming
(tail-like)
Cilia
(hair-like)
(changing shape)
Food
Additional
Information
Autotrophic and
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Eye spot
Pseudopod
Most specialized
and complex
(light sensitive)
(False foot)
Diagram
Quiz
Be sure you have these in
your notes!!!
Structures & Behaviors
•  Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water out of the
cell
•  Cilia- tiny hair like projections that are used in
locomotion & nutrition
•  Flagella- long whip like tails that are used in
locomotion
•  Pseudopods- extensions of the cytoplasm that are
used in locomotion & nutrition
•  Eyespots- a photo sensitive area that detects light
•  Phototaxis- a movement toward/away from light
•  Chemotaxis- a movement toward/away from food
molecules, poisons, etc.
1. Which single-celled organisms
moves by flagellum?
A. Euglena
B. Amoeba
C. Paramecium
A. Euglena
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2. Which single-celled organism
moves by cilia or hairlike
projections?
A. Euglena
B. Amoeba
C. Paramecium
C. Paramecium
4. Which single-celled organism has
a unique feature of an eye spot?
A. Euglena
B. Amoeba
C. Paramecium
A. Euglena
3. Which single-celled organism
uses pseudopods to surround and
engulf their food?
A. Euglena
B. Amoeba
C. Paramecium
B. Amoeba
5. Which single-celled organism
moves by cytoplasmic streaming?
A. Euglena
B. Amoeba
C. Paramecium
B. Amoeba
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6. Which types of single-celled
organisms may contain chlorophyll?
Which organism appears in the
photos?
A. Euglena and Amoeba
B. Amoeba and Paramecium
C. Paramecium
D. Euglena
D. Euglena
Look at the picture.
Be able to answer the questions on the
following slide!
•  paramecium
7. What organelle engulfs food?
A. cytoplasm
B. pseudopods
C. vacuoles
D. nucleus
8. What organelle digests the food?
A. cytoplasm
B. pseudopods
C. food vacuole
D. nucleus
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A.
B. pseudopods
C. food vacuoles
A. Is the nucleus
B. Is the cytoplasm
B.
Name the organelles located
at A. and B.
Cell/Plasma Membrane Notes
Page ___
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Plasma/Cell Membrane
“Gatekeeper”
Cellular Transport
Notes
Ch. 7.2 Plasma Membrane (p.175-178)
Ch. 8.1 Cellular Transport (p.195-200)
1.  ALL cells have a Cell
Membrane
2. Functions:
a. Controls what enters and
exits the cell to maintain
homeostasis (example:
body temperature, pH,
blood sugar, water
balance)
b. Provides protection and
support for the cell
Cell Membranes (continued)
Polar heads Fluid Mosaic
love water
Model of the
& dissolve. cell membrane
3. Structure of cell membrane
(LIPIDS & PROTEINS)
Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of
phospholipids
a. Phosphate head is polar
(water loving)
b. Fatty acid tails non-polar
(water fearing)
c. Proteins embedded in
membrane
TEM picture of
a real cell
membrane.
Non-polar
tails hide
from water.
Phospholipid
Membrane
Movement
animation
Carbohydrate cell
markers
Lipid Bilayer
Proteins
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Cell Membranes (continued)
Structure of the Cell Membrane
•  4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
which makes it Selectively Permeable:
Allows some molecules in and out the cell
Outside of cell
Lipid
Bilayer
Transport
Protein
Animations
of membrane
Go to structure
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Phospholipids
Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)
Section:
Cell Membrane Quiz
“Use Notes”
Cell Membrane Drawing & Questions
Notebook Page ____
Front---Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions
•  Page 177 Figure 7.4
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. What is the function of the cell membrane?
2. Describe the structure of the cell membrane?
3. How many layers of lipids are there in the plasma
membrane?
4. What does selective permeable mean?
5.  True or False: ALL cells have cell membranes.
Back---Write questions & answers
1.  The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Define
selectively permeability.
2.  Why do the polar heads of the phospholipids face
the outside of the membrane?
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Cell Concentrations
Solutions Notes
Page ___
Cell Concentrations
•  A solution is a mixture of
two or more substances.
– Solute – dissolved
substance (salt/sugar)
– Solvent – dissolves
solute (water)
•  Cells are surrounded
and filled with a liquid
environment
•  The cytoplasm contains
a solution of different
substances.
Cell Concentrations
Substances will move
across the cell
membrane if their
concentrations are
unequal.
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! 
Isotonic Solution
Osmosis Animations
for isotonic,
hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions
Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution
is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
A cell in an isotonic solution
Water
moves in
and out
at the
same rate
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and
the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
Hypotonic Solution
! 
10%
Solute
How much solvent
inside?
90%
solvent
10%
Solute
How much solvent
outside?
90%
solvent
Cell remains the same!
Osmosis Animations
for isotonic,
hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions
Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of
solutes and a higher concentration of water than
inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)
A cell in a hypotonic solution
Water
moves in
20%
Solute
How much solvent
inside?
80%
solvent
Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the
cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
10%
Solute
How much solvent
outside?
90%
solvent
Cell swells!
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! 
Hypertonic Solution
Osmosis Animations
for isotonic,
hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions
Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration
of solutes and a lower concentration of water than
inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)
A cell in an hypertonic solution
Water
moves
out
10%
Solute
How much solvent
inside?
90%
solvent
shrinks
Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the
solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
What type of solution are these cells in?
20%
Solute
How much solvent
outside?
80%
solvent
Cell shrinks!
Solutions Drawing & Questions
Notebook Page __8__
Front--- Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions.
A
B
C
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
•  (Fig. 8.2 A,B,C) p. 197
•  (Fig. 8.3 A,B,C) p. 197
•  (Fig. 8.4 A,B,C) p. 197
Back---Write questions & answers
1.  Define isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and
hypertonic solution.
2.  Explain why plant cells do not burst when in a
hypotonic solution.
3.  What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic
solution?
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Osmosis Drawing & Questions
Notebook Page __9__
Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions.
•  (Fig. 8.1) p. 196
Write questions & answers.
1.  The diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane is called ___.
2.  Water flows to the side of the membrane where the
water concentration is (higher/lower).
3.  (True/False) In a cell, water always moves to reach
an equal concentration on both sides of the
membrane.
Types of Cellular Transport
1.  Diffusion
2.  Facilitated Diffusion
3.  Osmosis
high
low
•  Active Transport
cell does use energy
1.  Protein Pumps
2.  Endocytosis
3.  Exocytosis
Page ____
• Animations of
Active Transport &
Passive Transport
Wee!!!
•  Passive Transport
cell doesn t use energy
Passive & Active Transport
Notes
This is
gonna be
hard
work!!
high
Passive Transport
• 
• 
• 
cell uses no energy
molecules move randomly
Molecules spread out from an area of high
concentration to an area of low
concentration.
(High"Low)
low
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Passive Transport:
1. Diffusion
3 Types of Passive Transport
1.  Diffusion: random movement of
particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low
concentration.
1.  Diffusion- diffusion of particles
2.  Facilitative Diffusion – diffusion
with the help of transport proteins
3.  Osmosis – diffusion of water
Passive Transport:
2. Facilitated Diffusion
Simple Diffusion
Animation
(High to Low)
• 
Diffusion continues until all
molecules are evenly spaced
(equilibrium is reached)-Note:
molecules will still move around but
stay spread out.
Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion
A
2. Facilitated diffusion:
diffusion of specific particles
with HELP from a
transport proteins
a. Transport Proteins are
Facilitated
specific – they select
diffusion
only certain molecules
(Channel
to cross the membrane
Protein)
b. Transports larger or
charged molecules
(sugar)
Carrier Protein
B
Glucose
molecules
Cellular Transport From aHigh Concentration
High
! 
Channel Proteins
animations
Cell Membrane
Diffusion
(Lipid
Bilayer)
Low Concentration
Protein
channel
Low
Transport
Go to
Section:
Through a
Protein
"
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Passive Transport:
3. Osmosis
Osmosis
animation
• 
Paramecium
(protist) removing
excess water video
• Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them
from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on
the cell wall is called tugor pressure.
•  3.Osmosis: diffusion of
water through a
selectively permeable
membrane
•  Water moves from high to
low concentrations
• A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that
collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them
from over-expanding.
• Water moves freely
through pores.
• Solute (green) to large
to move across.
Active Transport
How Organisms Deal
with Osmotic Pressure
• Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so
they do not dehydrate.
• Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the
blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.
3 Types of Active Transport
• cell uses energy (ATP)
• actively moves molecules
to where they are needed
• Movement from an area
of low concentration to
an area of high
concentration
1.  Protein Pumps- transport macromolecules
across the cell membrane
2.  Endocytosis- material ENTERING the cell
3.  Exocytosis- material EXITING the cell
(Low " High)
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Types of Active Transport
1. Protein Pumps transport proteins that
require energy to do
work
• Example: Sodium /
Potassium Pumps are
important in nerve
responses.
Sodium
Potassium
Pumps (Active
Transport using
proteins)
Protein changes
shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!
Types of Active Transport
2. Endocytosis: taking bulky
material into a cell
•  Uses energy
•  Cell membrane in-folds
around food particle
Aka: cell eating
•  forms food vacuole &
digests food
(This is how white blood
cells eat bacteria!)
Types of Active Transport
2 Types of Endocytosis…
1) Phagocytosis:
large
PARTICLES are
engulfed
2) Pinocytosis:
WATER drops
are engulfed
3. Exocytosis: Forces
material out of cell in
Endocytosis &
Exocytosis
animations
bulk
•  membrane surrounding the
material fuses with cell
membrane
•  Cell changes shape –
requires energy
EX: Hormones or wastes
released from cell
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Compare:
Passive to Active Transport
•  Passive Transport
-Moves from HIGH to LOW
3 Types:
1) Diffusion- particles move
from H to L
2) Osmosis- water moves
from H to L
3) Facilitated Diffusionparticles move from H to L
with the HELP of transport
protein
REQUIRES NO ENERGY
(ATP)
•  Active Transport
Moves from LOW to HIGH
3 Types:
1) Endocytosis- particles into
the cell
2) Exocytosis- particles exists
the cell
3) Protein Pump- particles
moves with HELP of a
transport protein with ATP
REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)
Exit Ticket
1. (Passive/Active) Transport is from High to Low.
2. (Passive/Active) Transport requires Energy.
3.  ______________ transports proteins across a
membrane and requires energy.
4. (Osmosis/Diffusion) water moves from High to
Low.
5. (Osmosis/Diffusion) particles moves from High to
Low.
Passive and Active Transport
Drawing & Questions
Notebook Page ____
Front: Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions.
•  (Fig. 8.5 & 8.6) p. 199-200
Back: Write questions & answers.
1. Passive transport (does/does not) require energy.
2. List 2 examples of passive transport.
3. Transport proteins help substances move through
the _____ _____.
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Photosynthesis Notes
Page _12_
Photosynthesis:
Life from Light and
Air
2006-2007
Plants are energy producers
•  Like animals, plants need energy to live
How do plants make energy & food?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
–  unlike animals, plants don t need to eat
food to make that energy
•  Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY
–  animals are consumers/heterotrophs
–  plants are producers/autotrophs
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•  Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis:
Cellular Respiration:
–  using sun s energy to make ATP
–  using CO2 & water to make sugar
–  occurs in chloroplasts
–  allows plants to grow
–  makes a waste product
Chloroplasts are only in plants
Mitochondria in animals
animal cells
plant cells
•  oxygen (O2)
carbon
sun
+ water + energy
dioxide
(ATP) = used to build the sugar
→ glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + sun → C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Chloroplasts
absorb
sunlight & CO2
Leaf
Leaves
sun
CO2
So what does a
plant need?
•  Bring In (Reactants)
–  light
–  CO2
–  H2O
leaves
•  Let Out (Product)
Chloroplasts
in cell
•  Move Around (Product)
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts
contain
Chlorophyll
shoot
–  O2
Chloroplast
make
ENERGY & SUGAR
–  sugars
roots
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
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Leaf Structure
vascular bundle (vein)
Transpiration
xylem (water)
xylem (water)
cuticle
epidermis
phloem (sugar)
palisades
layer
O2 H O
2
CO2
spongy
layer
epidermis
cuticle
Transpiration
•  Water evaporates from the
stomates in the leaves
–  pulls water up from roots
•  water molecules stick to
each other
–  more water is pulled up
tree from ground
stomate
guard
cells
stomate
#  CO2 in
#  O2 out
#  water out
O2 H2O
CO2
guard
cells
#  so it gets to leaves from roots
Function of Leaf Structures
•  Cuticle
–  waxy coating reduces water loss
•  Epidermis
–  skin protecting leaf tissues
•  Palisades layer
–  high concentration of chloroplasts
•  collecting sun s energy
–  photosynthesis
•  making ATP & sugars
•  Spongy layer
–  air spaces
•  gas exchange
–  CO2 in for sugar production, remove waste O2
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Stomates & Guard Cells
•  Function of stomates
•  Homeostasis
–  CO2 in
–  O2 out
–  H2O out
–  keeping the internal environment
of the plant balanced
•  Stomates open
•  gets to leaves for photosynthesis
–  let CO2 in
•  Function of guard cells
–  open & close stomates
Guard cells & Homeostasis
guard cell
•  needed to make sugars
–  let H2O out
•  needed for photosynthesis
stomate
–  let O2 out
•  get rid of waste product
•  Stomates close
–  if too much H2O evaporating
Xylem
Phloem: food-conducting cells
carry water up from roots
#  carry sugars around the plant
wherever they are needed
$  new leaves
$  fruit & seeds
$  roots
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How are they connected?
Energy cycle
sun
Respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2
Photosynthesis
Plants, producers, autotrophs
→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
CO2
Photosynthesis
carbon
sun
+ water + energy → glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Another view…
waste
organic
molecules
H2O
waste
O2
animals, plants, consumers, heterotrophs
Cellular Respiration
The Great Circle
of Life!
Mufasa?
ATP
synthesis
producers, autotrophs
CO2
sugars
sun
capture
light energy
Photosynthesis
glucose
H2O
food
consumers, heterotrophs
O2
waste
digestion
Cellular Respiration
release
chemical energy
Got the energy…
Ask Questions!!
ATP
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Burn fuels to make energy
Cellular
Respiration
Harvesting Chemical
Energy
aerobic respiration
making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in
many small steps
ATP
ATP + CO2 + H2O (+ heat)
food
(carbohydrates)
O2
ATP
2009-2010
Energy needs of life
•  Animals are energy consumers
–  What do we need energy for?
•  synthesis (building for growth)
•  reproduction
•  active transport
•  movement
•  temperature control (making heat)
Where do we get energy?
•  Energy is stored in organic molecules
–  carbohydrates, fats, proteins
•  Animals eat these organic molecules → food
–  digest food to get
•  fuels for energy (ATP)
•  raw materials for building more molecules
ATP
–  carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
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What is energy in biology?
Harvesting energy stored in food
•  Cellular respiration
–  breaking down food to produce ATP
ATP
•  in mitochondria
•  using oxygen
food
ATP
–  aerobic respiration
–  usually digesting glucose
•  but could be other sugars,
fats, or proteins
Adenosine TriPhosphate
glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon + water
dioxide
Whoa!
HOT stuff!
2009-2010
C6H12O6 +
What do we need to make energy?
•  Fuel
–  food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
•  Helpers
–  oxygen
–  enzymes
6O2
→ ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells
•  The Furnace for making energy
–  mitochondria
O2
plant cells
Make ATP!
Make ATP!
All I do all day…
And no one
even notices!
food
•  Product
enzymes
–  ATP
•  Waste products
–  carbon dioxide
•  then used by plants
–  water
O2
ATP
CO2
H2O
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A Body s Energy Budget
Using ATP to do work?
Can t store ATP
# carbohydrates & fats
are long term
energy storage
1
ATP
# too unstable
# only used in cell
that produces it
# only short term
energy storage
Adenosine TriPhosphate
work
Adenosine DiPhosphate
eat
food
make energy
ATP
ADP
2
A working muscle recycles over
10 million ATPs per second
Whoa!
Pass me the
glucose & oxygen!
What if oxygen is missing?
•  No oxygen available = can t complete
aerobic respiration
•  Anaerobic respiration
3
O2
–  no oxygen or
no mitochondria (bacteria)
–  can only make very little ATP
–  large animals cannot survive
storage
Anaerobic Respiration
• growth
• reproduction
• repair
• glycogen
(animal starch)
• fat
O2
•  Fermentation
–  alcohol fermentation
•  yeast
–  glucose → ATP + CO2+ alcohol
–  make beer, wine, bread
–  also known as fermentation
•  alcohol fermentation
•  lactic acid fermentation
synthesis
(building)
{
{
{
• energy needed
even at rest
• activity
• temperature
control
–  lactic acid fermentation
yeast
•  bacteria, animals
–  glucose → ATP + lactic acid
–  bacteria make yogurt
–  animals feel muscle fatigue
bacteria
Tastes good…
but not enough
energy for me!
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Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Function
Stores Energy
Energy release
Location
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
Carbon dioxide and Glucose and oxygen
water
Glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide and
water
Products
Equation
6CO2+6H2O+light
% 6O2+C6H12O6
Got the energy…
Ask Questions!!
6O2+C6H12O6 %
6CO2+6H2O+energy
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Requires CO2, H20, & Sun Light
Requires O2 & C6H12O6
Occurs in the Chloroplast located in Occurs in the Mitochondria of plant
the Leaf
and animal cells
Attach the comparison chart and
diagram in your notebook on
Page _____
Stores energy in the form of
glucose molecule
2 types: aerobic & anaerobic
Releases 6O2+C6H12O6
Releases CO2, H2O & energy(ATP)
Uses solar energy to produce
chemical energy
Breaks down glucose to release ATP
Equation:
Equation:
6CO2+6H2O+light %6O2+C6H12O6
6O2+C6H12O6 %6CO2+6H2O+energy
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Photosynthesis & Respiration Diagram
Attach the
Chloroplast & Mitochondria/
Photosynthesis & Respiration
Diagram in your Notebook on
Page ____
The Cell Cycle
and Mitosis
Notes
Page ___
Biology is the only
subject in which
multiplication is the
same thing as division…
THE CELL CYCLE
•  Series of events that cells go through as they
grow and divide
•  Consists of four phases:
–  G1 PHASE – CELL GROWTH
–  S PHASE – CHROMOSOME REPLICATION
–  G2 PHASE – PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS
–  M PHASE – MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
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Cell Cycle: order does matter&
•  Remember:
Cell Cycle phases as
IPMAT
•  I= Interphase (G1, S, G2
phases)
•  P= Prophase (M phase)
•  M= Metaphase (M phase)
•  A= Anaphase (M phase)
•  T= Telophase (M phase)
Where it all began…
MITOSIS:
Making New Body Cells
Making New DNA
And now look at you…
You started as a cell smaller than
a period at the end of a sentence…
How did you
get from there
to here?
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Getting from there to here…
Why do cells divide…
#  One-celled organisms
•  Going from egg to baby….
the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide…
and divide…
and divide…
' 
' 
for reproduction
asexual reproduction (clones)
amoeba
#  Multi-celled organisms
' 
for growth & development
' 
for repair & replacement
#  from fertilized egg to adult
starfish
#  replace cells that die from
normal wear & tear or from injury
Dividing cells…
Copying DNA
•  What has to be copied
•  A dividing cell duplicates its DNA
–  DNA
–  organelles
–  cell membrane
–  lots of other
molecules
–  creates 2 copies of all DNA
–  separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of
the cell
–  splits into 2 daughter cells
DNA
•  enzymes
cell
plant cell
animal cell
nucleus
# But the DNA starts
loosely wound in the
nucleus
# If you tried to divide it
like that, it could
tangle & break
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Organizing & packaging DNA
Chromosomes of Human Female
DNA
46 chromosomes
23 pairs
cell
DNA has been
wound up
nucleus
DNA in chromosomes in
everyday working cell
cell
nucleus
4 chromosomes
in this organism
DNA in chromosomes in cell
getting ready to divide
Chromosomes of Human Male
double-stranded
human chromosomes
ready for mitosis
46 chromosomes
23 pairs
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MITOSIS=body cells
DNA must be duplicated…
chromosomes in cell
DNA in chromosomes
cell
nucleus
•  Asexual reproduction for single cells
(remember: My toe needs to grow; this does
not need a partner &)
4 single-stranded chromosomes
•  Growth & development for multicellular organisms
•  Four phases of Mitosis: (Hint: PMAT)
1st P= Prophase
duplicated chromosomes
duplicated
chromosomes
cell
2nd M= Metaphase
3rd A= Anaphase
4th T= Telophase
nucleus
4 double-stranded chromosomes
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
•  Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
•  Stage 1: cell copies DNA
–  DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it
organized
Copy DNA!
DNA
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
duplicated chromosomes
Wind up!
cell
cell
nucleus
(prophase)
Cells spend the most time in Interphase
nucleus
(interphase)
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Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
•  Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
–  chromosomes line up in middle
–  attached to protein cables that will help them
move
Line up!
duplicated chromosomes
lined up in middle of cell
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
•  Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
–  chromosomes split, separating pairs
–  start moving to opposite ends
Separate!
chromosomes split &
move to opposite ends
(pull apart)
(metaphase)
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
•  Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
(anaphase)
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
•  Stage 6: DNA unwinds again
–  cells start to divide
–  nucleus forms again
–  cells separate
–  now they can do their every day jobs
Divide! Makes 2
new cells
(telophase)
Bye Bye!
(cytokinesis)
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New daughter cells
Cell division in Animals
•  Get 2 exact copies of original cells
–  same DNA
–  clones
Mitosis in whitefish embryo
Mitosis in plant cell
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Overview of mitosis
interphase
I.P.M.A.T.C.
prophase
Please Make Another Two Cells
cytokinesis
metaphase
REGULATING THE CELL
CYCLE
•  REGULATORY PROTEINS (Cyclins)
–  CONTROL CELL GROWTH
–  STIMULATES THE CELL TO PRODUCE SPINDLE AND BEGIN
CELL DIVISION
–  NORMAL CELLS STOP GROWING WHEN THEY COME INTO
CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER
anaphase
telophase
What happens when there is Cancer
Cells?
•  Cancer Cells
–  Don t respond to signals
that control the cell cycle
–  Do not stop dividing
–  Can form tumors
•  Carcinogens
–  Damage DNA, results in
cancer
–  Radiation
–  Cigarette smoke
–  Environmental chemicals
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Mitosis Drawing & Questions
Notebook Page ____
Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions.
•  (Fig. 8.13 A, B, C, D) Page 207
Cell Cycle & Chromosomes
Drawing & Questions
Notebook Page ____
Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions.
Write questions & answers.
•  (Fig. 8.11 & 8.12) Page 206
1.  What are the four phases of mitosis?
2.  When does mitosis begin?
3.  Describe metaphase.
4.  How many daughter cells are formed during
telophase?
Write questions & answers.
1.  In which phase does a cell spend most of its
time?
2.  What holds the two sister chromatids
together?
3.  Explain what happens during interphase.
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