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AS90464 Version 2 Describe cell structure and function Level 2 Credits 3 Biological concepts and processes relating to the structure and function of cells, including cell organelles, to identity their similarities and differences Achievement Achievement with Merit Describe cell structure and function Explain cell structure and function Achievement with Excellence Discuss cell structure and function Vocabulary: you should know the definitions of the following words • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Active Site Active Transport ADP Aerobic Amoeba Anaerobic ATP Catalyst Cell Membrane Cell Wall Cellular Respiration Cellulose Centriole Chlamydomonas Chloroplast Cilia Co-Enzyme Co-Factor Concentration Gradient • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cristae Cytoplasm Cytosine Denatured Diffusion DNA Double Helix Endoplasmic Reticulum Enzyme Euglena Eye Spot Fermentation Flaccid Flagellum Glycolysis Golgi Apparatus Grana Induced Fit Model Lactic Acid • Lamellae • Light Dependent Reaction • Light Independent Reaction • Lipid Bilayer • Lock And Key Theory • Lysosome • Matrix • Mitochondria • Nuclear Membrane • Nucleolus • Nucleotide • Nucleus • Oral Groove • Organelles • Osmoregulation • Osmosis • Paramecium • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Passive Transport Phagocytosis Photosynthesis Pinocytosis Plasmolysis Protist Ribosome Secretion Semi-Permeable Membrane Stroma Surface Area : Volume Ratio Turgor Unicellular Organism Vacuole Vesicle Recognize the cell as the basic unit of living things. Describe the structure of a generalized plant and animal cell Describe the functions of the cellular components & organelles (including labeled diagrams) Components and organelles could include; o cell wall o chromosomes o cell membrane o mitochondria o cytoplasm o chloroplast o nuclear o Centriole membrane o Vacuole o nucleus No Brain Too Small BIOLOGY o o o o Ribosome endoplasmic reticulum lysosome Golgi body Relate cells and cell components to how they carry out their functions Identify the similarities and differences between plant and animals cells. Identifies o plant cells as also having large vacuole, chloroplast and cell wall o animal cells as having centrioles and small vacuoles, no cell wall, no chloroplasts Describe the general structure of unicellular organisms and the functions of cellular components and organelles o contractile vacuole o cilia o eye spot o flagellum Explain reasons for similarities and differences in cell shapes, sizes, relative number of organelles and internal structure in plant cells, animal cells and unicellular organisms. Explanations could include: o How the shape of a cell relates to its purpose e.g. blood cells, nerve cells. o How the size of a cell relates to its function i.e. surface area to volume ratio. o How the number of organelles relates to function e.g. mitochondria in sperm and muscle cells. o How the size of cell organelles relates to its function i.e. cell membrane - root hairs, vacuole. o How the internal structure of organelles relates to function e.g. mitochondria and chloroplast, cell membrane. o How the organelles are distributed within the cell e.g. chloroplasts near cell wall. Explain how factors can affect the functioning cell structures. Explanations could include: o the effect of pH o substrate concentration o temperature o enzyme concentration. Explain how substances move in and out of cells by passive and active transport. Explanation of the processes includes: o Passive transport - diffusion, osmosis, net movement, no energy required, net movement with the concentration gradient o Diffusion is the movement of material from high concentration to low concentration o Osmosis is the movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane o Osmoregulation control of water concentration especially in paramecium using contractile vacuoles o Active transport – endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis), exocytosis, ion pump. Requires energy – produced during respiration, net movement against the concentration gradient How the structure of the cell membrane controls transport. Describe role of enzymes in cell processes & explain how they work. Explanations having the following ideas: o Lowering the activation energy required for a biochemical reaction. o Lock and key model / induced fit model - enzymes are specific. No Brain Too Small BIOLOGY Summarise the process of respiration. Summary includes: o The importance of ATP in energy transfer in cells. o The structure of the mitochondria. o The raw materials: food/glucose and oxygen, the three main stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle, respiratory chain/electron transfer system (no chemistry required) and the end products of respiration: carbon dioxide, water and ATP (energy). o Distinguishing between aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration in animal and plant cells. Summarise the process of photosynthesis. Summary includes: o The structure of the chloroplast (grana, thylakoid and stroma). o The raw materials (carbon dioxide and water) and the end products (glucose and oxygen) of photosynthesis. o The two phases: the light dependent phase and the light independent phase (no chemistry required). Explain how factors can affect the functioning of cell processes. Explanations could include: o The rate of osmosis and diffusion in cells can be affected by • cell size (SA:V ratio) • time • temperature, • concentration. • particle size o The rate of enzyme activity can be affected by • enzyme concentration • substrate concentration • pH • co-enzymes • temperature • enzyme poison. o The rate of respiration can be affected by • oxygen levels • temperature o The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by • carbon dioxide levels • temperature • light • Surface area to volume ratio. o As the SA to V ratio increases (small cubes have a higher SA to V ratio than large cubes) the rate at which materials can enter or leave the cell will increase o SA to V is increased by • folds within organelles (cristae in mitochondria) • within organs (villi, small projections from cell membrane in intestines) o When cells get too big they divide to increase their SA to V ratio so materials can be transported efficiently No Brain Too Small BIOLOGY