Download AS90464 Version 2 Describe cell structure and function Level 2

AS90464 Version 2
Describe cell structure and function
Level 2 Credits 3
Biological concepts and processes relating to the structure and function of cells, including cell
organelles, to identity their similarities and differences
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Describe cell structure and
function
Explain cell structure and
function
Achievement with
Excellence
Discuss cell structure and
function
Vocabulary: you should know the definitions of the following words
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Active Site
Active Transport
ADP
Aerobic
Amoeba
Anaerobic
ATP
Catalyst
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cellular Respiration
Cellulose
Centriole
Chlamydomonas
Chloroplast
Cilia
Co-Enzyme
Co-Factor
Concentration
Gradient
‰
‰
‰
‰
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cristae
Cytoplasm
Cytosine
Denatured
Diffusion
DNA
Double Helix
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Enzyme
Euglena
Eye Spot
Fermentation
Flaccid
Flagellum
Glycolysis
Golgi Apparatus
Grana
Induced Fit Model
Lactic Acid
• Lamellae
• Light Dependent
Reaction
• Light Independent
Reaction
• Lipid Bilayer
• Lock And Key
Theory
• Lysosome
• Matrix
• Mitochondria
• Nuclear Membrane
• Nucleolus
• Nucleotide
• Nucleus
• Oral Groove
• Organelles
• Osmoregulation
• Osmosis
• Paramecium
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Passive Transport
Phagocytosis
Photosynthesis
Pinocytosis
Plasmolysis
Protist
Ribosome
Secretion
Semi-Permeable
Membrane
Stroma
Surface Area :
Volume Ratio
Turgor
Unicellular
Organism
Vacuole
Vesicle
Recognize the cell as the basic unit of living things.
Describe the structure of a generalized plant and animal cell
Describe the functions of the cellular components & organelles (including labeled diagrams)
Components and organelles could include;
o
cell wall
o
chromosomes
o
cell membrane
o
mitochondria
o
cytoplasm
o
chloroplast
o
nuclear
o
Centriole
membrane
o
Vacuole
o
nucleus
No Brain Too Small BIOLOGY
o
o
o
o
Ribosome
endoplasmic
reticulum
lysosome
Golgi body
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
Relate cells and cell components to how they carry out their functions
Identify the similarities and differences between plant and animals cells.
Identifies
o
plant cells as also having large vacuole, chloroplast and cell wall
o
animal cells as having centrioles and small vacuoles, no cell wall, no chloroplasts
Describe the general structure of unicellular organisms and the functions of cellular
components and organelles
o
contractile vacuole
o
cilia
o
eye spot
o
flagellum
Explain reasons for similarities and differences in cell shapes, sizes, relative number of
organelles and internal structure in plant cells, animal cells and unicellular organisms.
Explanations could include:
o
How the shape of a cell relates to its purpose e.g. blood cells, nerve cells.
o
How the size of a cell relates to its function i.e. surface area to volume ratio.
o
How the number of organelles relates to function e.g. mitochondria in sperm and
muscle cells.
o
How the size of cell organelles relates to its function i.e. cell membrane - root hairs,
vacuole.
o
How the internal structure of organelles relates to function e.g. mitochondria and
chloroplast, cell membrane.
o
How the organelles are distributed within the cell e.g. chloroplasts near cell wall.
Explain how factors can affect the functioning cell structures. Explanations could include:
o
the effect of pH
o
substrate concentration
o
temperature
o
enzyme concentration.
Explain how substances move in and out of cells by passive and active transport.
Explanation of the processes includes:
o
Passive transport - diffusion, osmosis, net movement, no energy required, net
movement with the concentration gradient
o
Diffusion is the movement of material from high concentration to low concentration
o
Osmosis is the movement of water from high water concentration to low water
concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
o
Osmoregulation control of water concentration especially in paramecium using
contractile vacuoles
o
Active transport – endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis), exocytosis, ion pump.
Requires energy – produced during respiration, net movement against the
concentration gradient
How the structure of the cell membrane controls transport.
Describe role of enzymes in cell processes & explain how they work. Explanations having
the following ideas:
o
Lowering the activation energy required for a biochemical reaction.
o
Lock and key model / induced fit model - enzymes are specific.
No Brain Too Small BIOLOGY
‰
‰
‰
‰
Summarise the process of respiration. Summary includes:
o
The importance of ATP in energy transfer in cells.
o
The structure of the mitochondria.
o
The raw materials: food/glucose and oxygen, the three main stages: glycolysis, Krebs
cycle/citric acid cycle, respiratory chain/electron transfer system (no chemistry
required) and the end products of respiration: carbon dioxide, water and ATP (energy).
o
Distinguishing between aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen)
respiration in animal and plant cells.
Summarise the process of photosynthesis. Summary includes:
o
The structure of the chloroplast (grana, thylakoid and stroma).
o
The raw materials (carbon dioxide and water) and the end products (glucose and
oxygen) of photosynthesis.
o
The two phases: the light dependent phase and the light independent phase (no
chemistry required).
Explain how factors can affect the functioning of cell processes. Explanations could
include:
o
The rate of osmosis and diffusion in cells can be affected by
•
cell size (SA:V ratio)
•
time
•
temperature,
•
concentration.
•
particle size
o
The rate of enzyme activity can be affected by
•
enzyme concentration
•
substrate concentration
•
pH
•
co-enzymes
•
temperature
•
enzyme poison.
o
The rate of respiration can be affected by
•
oxygen levels
•
temperature
o
The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by
•
carbon dioxide levels
•
temperature
•
light
•
Surface area to volume ratio.
o
As the SA to V ratio increases (small cubes have a higher SA to V ratio than large
cubes) the rate at which materials can enter or leave the cell will increase
o
SA to V is increased by
•
folds within organelles (cristae in mitochondria)
•
within organs (villi, small projections from cell membrane in intestines)
o
When cells get too big they divide to increase their SA to V ratio so materials can be
transported efficiently
No Brain Too Small BIOLOGY