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A history of the cell
• 1607 English settlers found colony at Jamestown Virginia
• 1665 Robert Hooke, looked at cork and discovered and named cells
• 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek - observed tiny living things in drops of
pond water.
• 1838 Matthias Schleiden - concluded that plants are made of cells
• 1839 Theodor Schwann - concluded that animals are made of cells.
• 1855 Rudolph Virchow - proposes that cells come from existing cells
• 1931 Janet Plowe - demonstrates that the cell membrane in a physical
structure not just an interface between two liquids.
• 1945 World War II ends
• 1970 Lynn Margulis - proposes the theory that certain organelles, were
once free-living cells themselves
The Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
Two Cell Types
• Prokaryotic Cells - 1 to 10 um
– have cell membrane and cytoplasm but no nuclei
– smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
– bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells - 10 to 100 um
– do contain nuclei and other specialized organelles
– all plants, animals, fungus and protists
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
Go to
Section:
Venn Diagrams
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Animal Cells
Lysosomes
Go to
Section:
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• microtubules /
microfilaments
• Centrioles
• Cilia and Flagella
• Vacuoles
• Plastids
Cell Membrane
• All Cells have them
• Controls passage of material into and out of
the cell
• double-layered, semi-permeable membrane
• composed of lipids and embedded protein
molecules
The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Go to
Section:
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
AIR
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head
(a)
WATER
(b)
WATER
WATER
Cell Wall
• Found in
– Plants, algae, fungi and nearly all prokaryotes
•
•
•
•
Lies outside the cell membrane
provide support and protection for the cell
most commonly made of cellulose
Made of actin in bacteria
Cytoplasm
•
•
•
•
Fluid-like material
Between cell membrane and nucleus
Contains organelles
many biochemical processes occur here
Ribosomes
• Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Sites of protein synthesis
• free in cytoplasm or attached to
endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Membrane-lined, interconnecting channels
through the cytoplasm
• associated with
– synthesis
– storage
– transport of material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
• Found in all eukaryotic cells. (animal, plant,
fungi, protist)
• Specialized double membrane structure
• Sites of most energy-producing reactions of
aerobic cellular respiration.
• The “powerhouse” of the cell.
• Has its own DNA
Chloroplasts
•
•
•
•
•
Found in plants and some algae
Specialized double membrane structure
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Sites of photosynthesis
Has some DNA
Golgi Bodies (Complex)
• Stack of membrane-bounded channels and
vacuoles
• Synthesizes, packages and secretes cell
products
Lysosomes
• Membrane-bounded sacs that contain
digestive enzymes
• digest food in single celled organisms
• Destroy damaged or old cell parts
• Programmed cell death - apoptosis
Vacuoles
• Small or none in animal cells
• Large in plant cells
• Membrane-bounded , fluid filled sacs in the
cytoplasm
• food vacuole
• waste vacuole
• contractile vacuole
Centrioles
• Only in animal cells
• involved in cell division
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrian
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Go to
Section:
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
(attached)
Nuclear
envelope
Mitochondrian
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Animal Cell
Go to
Section:
Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
What type of cell is this?
Plant Cell
cell membrane
nucleus
mitochondria
cell wall
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Vacuole
vacuole
endoplasmic
reticulum
mitochondria
cell membrane
Column B
Column A
3
6
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
1.
Structure that directs the activities of the cell. Contains the hereditary material – the
DNA in the chromosomes. Surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
2.
Sites of most energy producing reactions of aerobic cellular respiration. The “power
house” of the cell.
Surrounds the cell and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
Double-layered, semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids and containing
embedded protein molecules
1
Nucleus
3.
8
Ribosomes
4.
Chlorophyll-containing structures found in cells of green plants and some algae.
Sites of photosynthesis.
7
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
5.
Nonliving rigid supportive structure found outside the cell membrane in plants,
algae, fungi and various other organisms. Most commonly composed of cellulose.
2
4
5
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
6.
Watery fluid-like material that fills the space between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus of the cell. Contains the organelles. Many biochemical processes occur
here.
7.
A series of membrane-lined, interconnecting channels through the cytoplasm.
Transports things throughout the cell. The “highway system” of the cell
8.
Sites of protein synthesis. May be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the
membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum