Download Fall_Final_Exam_Review

Fall Final Exam Review
Wednesday (1st, 2nd, 7th)
Thursday (3rd, 6th)
Friday (4th, 5th)
Biomolecules Review 1
Which biomolecule is this?
• CARBOHYDRATE
Which biomolecule is this?
• Protein
Which biomolecule is this?
• Lipid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Carbohydrate
Which biomolecule is this?
• Protein
Which biomolecule is this?
• Nucleic Acid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Carbohydrate
Which biomolecule is this?
• Lipid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Nucleic Acid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Protein
Which biomolecule is this?
• Nucleic Acid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Nucleic Acid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Proteins
Which biomolecule is this?
• Lipid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Carbohydrate
Which biomolecule is this?
• Protein
Which biomolecule is this?
• Lipids
Which biomolecule is this?
• Nucleic Acid
Which biomolecule is this?
• Carbohydrate
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Stores and transmits heredity
or genetic information
• Nucleic Acid
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Cellulose provides support
and structure for plants.
• Carbohydrates
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Antibodies help defend
against disease and fight
infections.
• Proteins
Which biomolecule has this function?
• An important part of cell
membranes
• Lipids
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Transports substances in and
out of cells through channels
in the cell membrane.
• Proteins
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Used to store energy that is
released slowly.
• Lipids
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Forms bones, muscles, hair
and nails.
• Proteins
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Main source of quick energy
for living things.
• Carbohydrates
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Helps to regulate cell
processes by the use of
hormones.
• Proteins
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Starch is the main form of
stored energy for plants.
• Carbohydrates
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Enzymes speed up reactions
by lowering the activation
energy.
• Proteins
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Glycogen is the main form of
stored energy for animals.
• Carbohydrates
Which biomolecule has this function?
• Contains the code to make
proteins.
• Nucleic Acids
• The monomer of this
biomolecule is a
monosaccharide.
• Carbohydrate
• The monomer of this
biomolecule is a nucleotide.
• Nucleic Acid
• This biomolecule does not
have a monomer or polymer.
It is made up of glycerol and a
fatty acid.
• Lipid
• The monomer of this
biomolecule is an amino acid.
• Protein
• These biomolecules all end in
the suffix –ose.
• Carbohydrates
• This biomolecule includes
fats, oils and waxes.
• Lipids
Which three biomolecules make up this
structure?
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
Which biomolecule is this?
• Proteins
Which biomolecule is this?
• Carbohydrates
Which biomolecule is this?
• Lipids
Biomolecule Review 2
Who am I?
Amino acid = protein
Who am I?
Nucleotide = nucleic acid
Who am I?
Carbohydrate
Who am I?
Triglyceride = Lipids
What does the word synthesis mean?
• Combination
• The production of chemical compounds by
reaction from simpler materials
Carbohydrates
• Sugar / Starch (MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY)
• CHO
• C6H12O6
– 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
• Ring shaped structures
• Monomer = monosaccharide
• Polymer = polysaccharide
Lipids
•
•
•
•
•
Fat (LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE)
CHO (NO SPECIAL RATIO)
Glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails
Monomer = triglyceride
Polymer = lipid
Protein
•
•
•
•
•
Meat products and nuts
CHONS
Amino group + carboxylic acid group + side chain
Monomer = amino acid
Polymer = protein (polypeptide)
– Amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Nucleic Acids
• Genetic information
– DNA or RNA (NA stands for nucleic acid)
• CHONP
• Monomer = nucleotide
– Nucleotide: phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
• Polymer = DNA or RNA (nucleic acids)
Osmosis Model
• Dialysis Bag (Bag with small holes in it)
Osmosis Pictures
Cellular Energy and Enzymes
What is the transfer of energy in
photosynthesis?
Solar energy to Chemical energy
What type of organisms utilize
photosynthesis?
Plants (autotrophs)
Where do the light reactions take
place?
Thylakoid Membrane
Where do the dark reactions take
place?
Stroma
What is another name for the
dark reactions?
Calvin Cycle, Light Independent
Reactions
Where does photosynthesis
occur in plants?
Leaves
Which organelle carries out the
process photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
What makes the chloroplast
green?
Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis allows plants to trap sunlight
energy
and use it to make glucose from the raw
materials
_________ and _________.
Water and Carbon Dioxide
Which class of biomolecule does
glucose belong to?
Carbohydrates
What are the reactants of
photosynthesis?
Water, Sun, Carbon Dioxide
What gas leaves the plant?
Oxygen
What gas enters the plant?
Carbon Dioxide
Define the process of
photosynthesis.
It is the conversion of energy from sunlight
with water and carbon dioxide to
create sugar
and oxygen
What is the conversion of energy
in cellular respiration?
Chemical (stored) energy to
usable energy called ATP
Which organisms carry out the
process of cellular respiration?
ALL OF THEM
B/C – Fermentation!
What is the correct equation for
cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
During what stage of
cellular respiration is the
most ATP synthesized?
ETC
What is the correct order for
the steps of aerobic cellular
respiration?
Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Where does glycolysis
occur?
Cytoplasm
How many ATP molecules are
produced from one molecule of
glucose in an ideal situation?
36-38 ATP Total
What are the products of cellular
respiration?
ATP, water, CO2
How are photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
related?
Plants produce oxygen which is
needed by
animals in order to complete cellular
respiration. In turn, animals release
carbon dioxide which is required for
photosynthesis.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
During what metabolic
process is glucose converted
to two molecules of
pyruvate?
Glycolysis
When do cells switch to
fermentation?
In the Absence of Oxygen
What is fermentation used for?
To continue to provide ATP
and high energy electron
carriers for energy
What are the two types of
fermentation we have discussed?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
and Alcoholic
Fermentation
Most efficient step of cellular
respiration: ______________.
Electron Transport Chain
This step does not require
oxygen.
Glycolysis
Where does ETC occur?
Inner Membrane (Cristae)
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
This term means with oxygen
___________.
Aerobic
This term means without oxygen
____________.
Anaerobic
The first stage of cellular
respiration, called
__________,
takes place in the cytoplasm
of the cell and needs no
oxygen.
Glycolysis
Under what
environmental conditions
do yeast carry out
fermentation?
Absence of oxygen
Which stage of cell respiration
makes the majority of ATP?
Electron transport chain
When oxygen is not available
___________ occurs.
Fermentation
In an anaerobic
environment a waste
product of glycolysis
is __________.
Ethanol and Lactic Acid
What are the reactants of
cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen
Most of the energy used
by life on Earth comes
from
the ________.
The Sun
Organisms that are not
autotrophs_________
Must consume other organisms
to get energy.
Light energy is converted to
chemical energy through the
process of ___________.
Photosynthesis
Which of the following
organisms do not carry
out photosynthesis?
Animals
Which of the following statements
about glucose is correct?
Glucose is a carbohydrate.
The gel-like space inside the
inner membrane of a
chloroplast is called the ___.
Stroma
The major atmospheric
by-product of
photosynthesis is_______.
Oxygen
The energy molecules generated
during the light
dependent reactions are
used during __________.
Calvin Cycle
During the final step of
photosynthesis, _______ is
produced.
Glucose
What is the correct equation for
photosynthesis?
water + Sun + carbon dioxide  glucose +
oxygen
What is a protein that acts as a
catalyst for speeding up
chemical reactions called?
enzyme
What are the compounds called
that go through changes
in a chemical reaction?
Substrates and Reactants
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Hydrolysis or Dehydration Synthesis?
Anabolic, Dehydration Synthesis
Anabolic or Catabolic?
Hydrolysis or Dehydration Synthesis?
Catabolic, Hydrolysis
Explain the graph
Where do these enzymes have
the same rate of activity?
Cellular Transport Exam Review
What are the functions of the
cell membrane?
-determines what comes in and out
of cell
-maintains homeostasis
What is this an example of?
Where does the water move?
This is osmosis. Water moves from
left to right. High water
concentration to low water
concentration. BUT REMEMBER…a
little bit always goes back the
opposite direction!!!!
What is this? What is it made out
of?
Phospholipids
What is it called when the cell
requires energy to transport
materials across the membrane?
Active Transport
What is the process of a cell
transporting materials from low to
high concentration?
Active Transport
Goes against the concentration
gradient. Like climbing a mountain.
Start low, end high. Need energy!
_____________ is when a cell
surrounds materials and brings them
into the cell.
Endocytosis
What is this?
Endocytosis
ENODO = IN TO
If a packet of kool-aid is poured into
a pool eventually the kool aid
becomes evenly distributed. What is
the process called?
Diffusion
Kool-aid is moving, not the water.
________ is the movement of water
from high to low concentration.
Osmosis
Why is it dangerous to put
saltwater fish into freshwater?
The fish would take in too much
water.
If you place wilted lettuce into cold
water it becomes crisp again. Why?
Water moves into the cells of the
lettuce leaf. (Osmosis)
What do diffusion and osmosis
mean?
Diffusion- movement of particles
from high to low concentration
Osmosis- movement of WATER from
high to low concentration
Why does diffusion occur?
Molecules constantly move and
collide with each other
What types of solutions are
pictured below?
A) Isotonic
B) Hypotonic
C) Hypertonic
An animal surrounded by fresh
water will burst because the osmotic
pressure causes________________.
Water to enter the animal cells.
What is used for facilitated
diffusion?
Which part of the diagram refers
to the hydrophilic portion?
Which part of the diagram is
used in cell recognition?
In osmosis, does the water flow
from concentrated to diluted or
diluted to concentrated?
Concentrated to diluted
HIGH to LOW
The process that uses protein
channels to transport materials from
high to low concentration across the
membrane is called____________.
Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is least
likely to dissolve in water?
A) NaCl
B) Calcium Chloride
C) Sugar
D) Lipids
Lipids cannot dissolve in water.
What makes up a solution?
Solute + Solvent  Solution
Stuff to dissolve + liquid  solution
What is the process responsible
for your hands pruning in a pool?
Osmosis
What are the types of passive
transport?
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion,
Osmosis
What are the three types of
active transport?
Protein Pumps, Endocytosis, and
Exocytosis
What would be a good adaptation of
a cell living in a hypotonic solution?
THINK ABOUT IT….
Cell should be able to pump
water out of the cell.
Cellular Transport Review
What does homeostasis mean?
BALANCE
Like when you sweat when it’s hot
outside. You are trying to maintain your
internal body temperature. Your body is
trying to stay in balance.
What are the two types of
transport?
Passive and Active
Which type of transport requires
energy?
Active Transport
What is the energy called?
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
What are three types of passive
transport?
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion,
Osmosis
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles from high
to low concentration
Like the food coloring through the
bubble, air freshener in the air, food
coloring in the beakers
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of larger particles
through a transport protein (protein
channel) from high concentration to
low concentration
Like when we used the thread to make
the pore (hole) in the bubble to put a
pencil through it without popping it
What is osmosis?
Movement of water (ONLY WATER)
from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration
What do all passive transport
models have in common?
No energy, movement from
[HIGH]  [LOW]
What are the three types of
osmotic solutions?
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
Which type of solution would
make a cell swell (get bigger)?
Hypotonic
Why?
The water would move into the
cell.
Higher salt number would be inside
the cell. The arrow would point to
the bigger salt number!
If I put a saltwater fish into a beaker
of freshwater, what would happen
to the fish?
Think about it…
The fish would swell and probably
die because a lot of water would
enter the fish.
It’s the same thing as placing a cell into
a hypotonic solution. The fish would
have more salt than the beaker solution
so the water would go into the fish.
What type of solution does not
have an effect on the cell?
Isotonic
This is when the cell is in homeostasis.
Water is moving in and out of the cell at
an equal rate. Cells are happy in this
solution.
What type of solution would
cause a cell to shrink?
Hypertonic
If there is more salt in the beaker solution,
the water will leave the cell. This will make
the cell shrivel up. (The bigger salt number
would be outside the cell.)
What is the process of molecules
crossing the membrane with the
input of energy called?
Active Transport
What are three types of active
transport?
Protein Pumps, Endocytosis,
Exocytosis
What is a protein pump?
Protein pumps (carrier proteins)
transport molecules against the
concentration gradient. The protein
must change conformation (shape)
in order to do this. It requires
energy.
What is endocytosis?
This is “cell eating”. A cell wraps
itself around particles to be brought
into the cell. Again, this requires a
change in shape (conformation) and
it requires energy.
What is exocytosis?
This is when a cell releases material
to its environment. These materials
are usually waste products,
hormones, or other secretion
proteins. The cell has a
conformational change (shape
change) so it requires energy.
What is the name of the energy
molecule?
ATP
A solution that has a greater
concentration of solute is said to be
a _______________ solution.
Hypertonic
HIGH salt = HYPERtonic
The only difference between
diffusion and facilitated diffusion
is_____________.
Facilitated diffusion uses protein
channels to move substances in or
out of the cell.
A solution that has a lower
concentration of solute is said to be
a ______________ solution.
Hypotonic
LOW = HYPOtonic
Cells occasionally need to take in
WATER. What term best describes
this process?
Pinocytosis
The diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane is
called ______________.
Osmosis
What type of solutions are these cells
in?
A
B
C
A) Hypertonic
B) Isotonic
C) Hypotonic
What vocabulary word describes
this picture?
Diffusion
If these red blood cells are placed
into the following solutions, osmosis
occurs. Name the solutions.
A) Isotonic
B) Hypotonic
C) Hypertonic
Which model demonstrates active
transport? How do you know?
Right – uses ATP
What is this an example of?
Diffusion
What vocab word describes this
picture?
Endocytosis
What vocab word describes this
picture?
Exocytosis
What is this and what does it
show?
U-tube, shows movement of
water (osmosis)
What type of solution is this?
Hypertonic
What type of solution is this?
Hypotonic
What type of solution is this?
Isotonic
Protein Synthesis Review
What does synthesis mean?
To make
What is the product of protein
synthesis?
In protein synthesis we make a
protein.
What is the monomer of a
protein?
Amino Acid
Teens like A’s
What elements are in a protein?
CHON
What is the purpose of a
protein?
Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions by lowering
activation energy
What are the two steps of
protein synthesis?
Transcription and Translation
What occurs in transcription?
DNA code is copied onto mRNA
Where does transcription take
place?
In the nucleus
(that’s where the DNA is)
Can DNA leave the nucleus?
No.
It’s too big to leave the nucleus.
(It’s double stranded.)
What does the m in mRNA
mean?
messenger
mRNA carries the message from DNA
to the ribosomes
What does the t in tRNA stand
for?
Transfer
It’s transferring the amino acid to the
ribosome
What does the r in rRNA stand
for?
Ribosomal
rRNA makes ribosomes
What is the second step of
protein synthesis called?
Translation
What occurs in translation?
mRNA code is read by ribosome
to make a protein
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm at a ribosome
RIBosome. Think ribs. Think protein.
What is another word for
protein?
Polypeptide
What kind of bonds hold the
amino acids together?
Peptide Bonds
Protein = Polypeptide
(many peptide bonds)
What is the sugar in DNA?
Deoxyribose
Where is the DNA located?
In the nucleus
What is the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
What biomolecule is found in
DNA and RNA?
Nucleic Acids
What is the monomer of a
nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
What are the three parts of a
nucleotide?
Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogen Base
Give an example of a nucleotide
that can only be found in DNA.
Phosphate – Deoxyribose - Thymine
Give an example of a nucleotide
that can only be found in RNA.
Phosphate – Ribose - Uracil
What nitrogen bases are found in
DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and
Cytosine
What nitrogen bases are found in
RNA?
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and
Cytosine
What is the central dogma of
biology?
DNA  mRNA  Protein
What is the compliment of
‘TGGGCTACGGTCATCATGTAGCT’?
TGGGCTACGGTCATCATGTAGCT
ACCCGATGCCAGTAGTACATCGA
Transcribe the following segment of
DNA.
‘TGGATACGG’
DNA: ‘TGGATACGG’
mRNA: ‘ACCUAUGCC’
What is a codon?
Triplet code on mRNA
AAC UGC GGU
That’s three codons
How many nitrogen bases make
one codon?
Three
GGC
How many codons code for one
amino acid?
One
AUG = Methionine
What is an anti-codon?
Triplet code on tRNA
CCA
What is this?
RNA
It’s single stranded
What is this?
What process is this?
Translation
Occurs at ribosome
What process is this?
What process occurs in the
nucleus?
Transcription
DNA  mRNA
What process occurs at the
ribosome?
Translation
mRNA  Protein
What carries the amino acids to
the ribosome?
tRNA
Label the arrows.
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
What information should you use
on a codon chart?
DNA or RNA?
mRNA
Codons are on mRNA.
It’s called a CODON chart.
Use mRNA.
DNA: CCG TAG GTA
What are the amino acids?
Gly- Ile - His
mRNA: CUG CAA GGU
What are the amino acids?
Leu – Gln - Gly
What happens if a mutation occurs
that results in a stop codon?
The protein is terminated before
it’s done.
Whole protein is not made. Protein
will not work.
Name the following pictures.
Protein Synthesis
What process
is this?
Transcription
What process is
this?
Translation
What do RNA and DNA have in
common?
Phosphate
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Genetic Info
Involved in Protein Synthesis