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Nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids - Nucleic acids: 1., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Function: stores the genetic information 2., ribonucleic acid (RNA) : Function: protein synthesis - The flow of genetic information: Transcription DNA Translation RNA Protein - Nucleic acids are polymers, composed of Nucleotides. Nucleotides have 3 components: 1., sugar (pentose): ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA the difference is on the 2’ carbon atom! Figure: Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition 2., nitrogenous base - Purines (double-ring) : Adenine(A) and Guanine(G) - Pyrimidines (single-ring): Cytosine(C), Thymine(T) and Uracil(U) In DNA: A, G, C, T In RNA: A,G, C, U 3., Phosphate (1,2, or 3) The sugar and base combined are called nucleosides: - Ribonucleosides: Adenosine, Guanosine, Cytidine, Uridine - Deoxyribonucleosides: Deoxyadenosine, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxycytidine, and Deoxythimidine Figure: Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition Nucleotides also play a role in metabolism, energy transfer. E.g.: ATP, NADH, Coenzyme A. Figure: structure of Adenosine –triphosphate (ATP). It is the “energy currency” of the cell. The hydrolysis of the high-energy bonds between the phosphates provides energy. - The structure of nucleic acids: The nucleotides are connected by a 3’-5’ phosphodiester bond to form a strand. Figure: structure of a single-stranded RNA molecule. There is a 3’ and a 5’ end of the molecule. Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition - The structure of DNA: two strands combine to form a double-stranded molecule, the two strands are connected by hydrogenbonds between the bases (complementary basepairing): A T, G C The two complementary strands run antiparalel (the 5’-3’ ends are opposite), they form a double helix. Figure: The DNA double helix. Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition: The nucleotide sequence (=base sequence) carries the genetic information, this information will be translated into amino-acid sequence during protein synthesis. - Types and structure of RNA: - messenger RNA = mRNA: carries the information from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis. Single stranded. - ribosomal RNA = rRNA : components of the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis (translation). rRNA forms self-complementary double-stranded regions (in RNA there is Uracil instead of Thymine as a base, it forms double hydrogen bonds with Adenine). - transfer RNA = tRNA : it carries the amino acids to the site of protein synthesis, has an adapter role. Figure: The structure of tRNA. It has self-complementary double-stranded regions, with 3 loops, and an amino acid binding site.