Download Unit 4 Genetics and Heredity Study Guide Below are some key

 Unit 4 Genetics and Heredity Study Guide Below are some key questions to help guide you in your preparation for the Unit 4 Exam. Look over each of the questions and ask yourself: Do I know this? Do I need some help with this question? Where can I go to get answers for this topic? Use your notes, quizzes, labs, and textbook to help you find these answers. I would also suggest trying the Chapter Assessments in your textbook as another way to test your knowledge. Good luck! Chapter 10: Mitosis and Cell Differentiation 1. What happens to cells when they get too big? Why do they need to divide? 2. Where are some areas where cell division take place? 3. What are some advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction (meiosis)? Asexual reproduction (mitosis)? 4. What are the six stages of mitosis (in order)? Be able to identify each and list 2-­‐3 key characteristics of each. 5. Which stage is the longest? Why (what happens during this stage)? 6. How do cells regulate growth normally? 7. What is Cancer? What are some different forms of cancer? What are some causes of cancer? 8. What is a stem cell and what are some potential uses of them? Why is there so much controversy regarding stem cell research? Read Chapter Summary – p. 299 Chapter 12 and 13: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis 1. Be familiar with the experiements and conclusions of the following scientists: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. 2. Be able to explain the DNA – Library metaphor presented in class. 3. What does DNA stand for and where is it found? What is the purpose of DNA? 4. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? What are the four nitrogen bases and how do they pair up? 5. What did Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin discover about DNA? Why was this so important? 6. What is DNA replication and why does it need to occur? 7. What are the four major steps in DNA replication? 8. Be able to “replicate” a sequence of DNA with the corresponding nitrogen bases. 9. What are some differences between DNA and RNA? 10. What is transcription and where does it occur? Why is transcription important? 11. What are the four major steps of transcription? 12. What is translation and where does it occur? Why is translation important? 13. What are the four major steps of translation? 14. Remember: Order of DNA Order of RNA Order of Amino Acids  Shape of Protein  Function of Protein (Pigment, Enzyme, Structure?) Read Chapter Summary – p. 355 / p. 385 Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics 1. What is Genetics? 2. Who was Gregor Mendel and what were some of his contributions to modern genetics (three laws)? 3. What are some of the phenotypic traits Gregor Mendel noticed in his pea plants? 4. Know the following terms: allele, trait, gene, dominant, recessive, homozygous (pure), heterozygous (hyprid), chromosomes, genotype, and phenotype. 5. What is the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross? 6. Be able to use a Punnett Square to solve the following: monohybrid crosses, a test cross, and dihybrid crosses (see quiz and book for examples). 7. What is meant by incomplete dominance? Be able to complete an incomplete dominance cross. 8. What is meant by codominance? Be able to complete an incomplete dominance cross. 9. What are multiple alleles? Give a specific example. 10. What are polygenic traits? Give two specific examples. 11. What organism did Thomas Hunt Morgan work with and what did he discover about the inheritance of traits? 12. What is crossing over and where/when does it occur? Why is it important to organisms? What is the relationship between gene location on a chromosome and crossing over? Read Chapter Summary – p. 331 Chapter 14: Human Heredity 1. What is a Karyotype? What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called and what is their purpose? What is the 23rd pair and what is its purpose? 2. What are the four major types of blood? How are they different? What is Rh factor and why is it important in blood typing? 3. What type of blood is the universal donor and why? Universal recipient and why? 4. What is meant by a sex linked trait? Give two examples of sex linked traits and explain why they tend to show up more in males than females. 5. What is a Pedigree? Be able to read a Pedigree and identify the following: males, females, parents, siblings, infected persons, and carriers. 6. What are disadvantages of inbreeding? 7. What is a mutation? What are some types of mutations? 8. What is sickle cell disease? What is cystic fibrosis? 9. What is a non-­‐disjunction mutation? Provide two examples and explain why they occur? 10. What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project and what benefits might come about because this work? 11. What is DNA fingerprinting and what are some ways that we use this technology? 12. What is genetic engineering? What are some benefits and potential costs of genetic engineering? 13. What is cloning? What are some benefits and potential costs of cloning? Read Chapter Summary – p. 411